Kinetics

• Rate of reaction 


  Concentration of product made / time
• Collision theory 


  In order for a reaction to take place, particles must collide with at least the activation energy
• Activation energy 


  The minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction
• Increase in pressure 


  If pressure is increased, the rate of reaction also increases. this is because the particles are forced closer together which increases the number of particles per unit volume. so there is more frequent successful collisions
• Increase in concentration 


  If concentration increases, the rate of reaction also increase. more particles of that reactant are present per unit volume. so there is more frequent successful collisions
• Temperature increase 


  The rate of reaction increase. this is because the particles have more kinetic energy. so they will move faster and more likely to collide. so more successful frequent collision
• Surface area increase

  Increases the rate of reaction. this is because the particles are exposed so more particles can collide. so more frequent successful collisions
• Catalyst increase


  Increases the rate of reaction without being used up. a catalyst work by providing an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. By lowering the activation energy, there are more frequent successful collisions
• Factors that increase the rate of reaction

  • Increase in temperature (move faster and more frequent successful collisions)
  • Increase in surface area (more particles exposed, more frequent successful collisions)
• Activation energy


  The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
• More particles have energy higher than the activation energy


  Increases the rate of reaction
• Catalyst


  Increases the rate of a reaction without being used up, by providing an alternative pathway of lower activation energy
• Lowering the activation energy with a catalyst

  Increases the frequency of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction
• Transition state is the species that exist at the top of a curve on an enthalpy diagram
• Enthalpy change


  The change in energy that occurs during a reaction, as some bonds are in the process of being made and broken so it is unstable
• what is a transition state 


  the species that exist At the top of a curve on an enthalpy diagram.