Involvement overseas

• Saladin 


  Brave and tactical

  Let people out of captivity for a price

  Merciful and caring towards his people

  Considerate and comforting

  usually victorious

  Gave Richard gifts

  Ordered 200 knights to be killed

  Sold christians to slavery
• First crusade


  1. Met by divided muslim force

  2. Victory at Nicea on June 19th 1097

  3. Victory at Antioch on June 3rd 1098

  4. 12,000 Original, 30,000 crusaders reached Jerusalem by June 7th 1099 after 3 year campaign
• Crusaders entered over the city walls of Jerusalem and were very violent, with blood reportedly knee deep and 70,000 Muslims slaughtered. Jews herded into synagogue and burned alive

  July 15th
• Ruling Jerusalem after this was very difficult, the kingdom was split between barons and Nobles who took ownership of the land and treated naive Christians with their serfs
• The native population came to look back on the era of Muslim rule as a golden age
• Establishment of new orders of military monks


  • The knights of the hospital of St. John and the Knights Templar began by protecting pilgrims but also started to attack areas that the Muslims held
• Most of the crusaders returned to Europe after freeing Jerusalem, creating a Christian shortage there
• Muslims under Zangi retook the Christians' eastern-most outpost at al-Ruah and the Edessa


  1144
• These events spurred the Second Crusade
• Saint Bernard


  Pursued King Louis VII of France and then emperor Conrad III of Germany to accept crusade
• King Louis VII of France and emperor Conrad III of Germany set out on the Second Crusade


  Easter 1147
• This time the Muslims were ready
• Second Crusade


  1. At Dorylaeum, the Germans were defeated so badly barely 1 in 10 Christians survived

  2. At Antioch, early all the Frenchmen were slaughtered

  3. The Crusaders joined forces and lay siege to Damascus, but were soundly defeated
• This shocked Europe and Christians wondered how God could allow them to be beaten by the Muslims, they thought it must be a punishment therefore enthusiasm for crusades quickly disappears
• While the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem continued to be torn by its internal strife, its Muslim members were moving towards unity
• Richard's army - totalling 17,000 


  Knights and military households, including squires

  Nobels

  8,000 professional soldiers

  Church men

  Priests

  3000 welsh arches

  Roger of Howden - royal clerk

  Wives of crusaders

  Camp followers - cooks, surgeons, nurses
• The THree armies that left for the holy land in 1190

  Richard I - King of England

  Phillip II - King of France

  Frederick I - Holy Roman Emperor (Germany)
• Why did people go on crusades (4Rs)

  • Religion
  • Rewards
  • Revenge
  • Respect
• Religion 


  Every Christian wanted full indulgence. Going on crusade granted this. Jerusalem was a very important place for many religions
• Rewards


  Successful soldiers could share the spoils of victory. The crusades could mean going an adventure and earning money. You could also postpone any debts till returning. Didn't have to pay saladin tithe
• Revenge 


  Propoganda played on emotions. Increasing anger and desire for revenge. Rumours circulated that Saladin had pulled down the cross at the hospital and dragged it through the Dung. Paintings produced showing muslim knights trampling on tombs. This persuaded many to join the crusades
• Respect 


  For many young knights this could make a name for them and bring honour to families. Success earned them respect as well as financial rewards
• People did support the crusades

  Pope Gregory called for religious people to defend holy places

  The knights wanted to bring honour to their families

  Indulgence meant you went straight to heaven

  Possibility of gaining land

  People wanted revenge based on rumours

  Could be part of knights service for feudal overlord

  Debts postponed/cancelled and possibility of gaining wealth on crusades
• People didn't support crusades

  Family members had to manage land for absent knights which caused a debate on who should go

  Many against crusades due to Saladin tithe

  Some thought Richard should focus on governing country
• Why did Richard go on Crusades

  Personal connection - Great grandad was the king of Jerusalem

  Personal glory - wants to be remembered as a great king

  Opportunity - has the power and money

  Religious duty - good Christian
• Fredrick Barbarossa (Germany)


  Most experienced, emperor of Germany for 36 Years

  AKA Barbarossa meaning red beard

  Bought the barons of Germany under control and ruled vast areas of land

  More wealthy and powerful

  Taken part in the Second crusade

  Large well equipped army

  In his late sixties
• Richard I (England)


  Lots of Military experience and is Confident in his resources

  AKA Lionheart as he was known for his bravery

  Raised lots o money with tax and he sold a vast amount of land and properties

  Lots of wealth so he had a lot of resources to fight with

  Duke of Aquitaine gave him experience

  Large and very well resourced army

  Around his thirties
• Philip II (France)


  Strong, experienced leader (ruled over France for 10 years)

  Had a lot of influence over public opinion in France

  Reluctant to leave his country as is control might have been weakened over the kingdom

  There was persuasion to join crusades

  There was rivalry between Richard and Philip

  Philips army was smaller and not as well equipped

  Around his mid thirties
• Barbarossa's watery death 


  The third leader of the Third Crusade was Frederick I Barbarossa. He drowned on the way to the Holy Land in June 1190 and many of his mean went home. This was a serious blow to the third crusade and increased the rivalry between richard and Phillip as both wanted to lead the Third Crusade
• Richard, Philip and scicily


  In September 1190, Richard was greeted at a great ceremony on his arrival to Messina, Sicily. Philip received a quiet reception and felt humiliated. After fighting erupted Richard conquered Messina and Philip was annoyed. Richard gave him some of the money he made for the peace deal with Sicily's ruler
• Richard, Philip and Cyprus 


  Richard invaded and conquered Cyprus in May 1191, but this time he refused to give Philip a share of its value. He sold the island for 100,000 gold coins and secured its grain supplies for his army

  In Cyprus, Richard married Berengaria of Navarre, going back on his agreement to marry Philip's sister
• Richard and Philips petty quarrels and Philips exit

  Phillip and Richard's quarrels also concerned strategy in the Holy Land. They disagreed over who should be king of Jerusalem (richard wanting Guy de Lusigan and Phillip, Conrad de Montferrat) and how much professional soldiers should be paid

  Despite winning at Acre in July, Phillip returned home in August 1191. Annoyance with Richard was not Phillips only reason for leaving; he was unwell and had been told the count of Flanders had died, so he feared that France will be attacked in his absence
• The Third Crusade (Part 1)

  • 1187 July - Christian army of Jerusalem was beaten by Turkish forces at the battle of Hattin. Guy of Lusignan was king of Jerusalem at this time. All Knights who survived the battle were executed afterwards
  • 1187 Sept-oct - saladin takes acre and then Jerusalem and richard decide to go on a crusade
  • Richard and Philip meet at Verelay and decided to split any conquests
  • Richard and Philip started to fall out as richard didn't marry Philip's sister and richard took Cyprus and wouldn't share
• The Third crusade (part 2 )

  • 1191 - Richard lands in the holy land, and lays siege to acre but doesn't take it, Saladin agrees to pay for ransoms but doesn't
  • Richard executes 2700 prisoners at Acre
  • richard leaves Acre and marches towards JAffa down the coast. Saladin can't attack him due to his strong formation
  • They get to Arsuf and the Saladin attacks and richard wins
  • Richard Decides to attack Jerusalem goes to biet nuba but it rains and everything is soggy so they retreat to Ascalon
• Third Crusade (part 3)

  • Richard decide to attack Jerusalem gain but this time there are rumours Saladin has poisoned the water and they are worried they cannot breach Jerusalems defences
  • Richard hears that John is causing problems in England and allying with Richards's old enemy, Philip of France, so he decides to return home. But en route richard hears that Saladin has attacked jaffa so he launches a surprise attack and takes jaffa
  • 1192 sept - Treaty of Jaffa between Richard and Saladin
• First march on Jerusalem

  After rebuilding Jaffa's defences, Richard wanted to go to Ascalon (but agreed to march on Jerusalem instead. However, horrible weather prevented them from marching to Jerusalem as the mud and rain destroyed food, clothes and weapons. As a result, Richard led the crusaders to Ascalon
• Second march on Jerusalem

  By june the weather had improved and the Crusaders marched to biet nuba, in days rather than months. But it was incredibly hot and Saladin was rumoured to have poisoned the water so they were forced to retreat again
• The Treaty of Jaffa 


  After Richard successfully defended Jaffa twice, the leaders of both sides decided to stop fighting

  Richard would keep the coastal cities he had captured from Acre to Jaffa

  Muslims and Christians could pass freely into each other's territory

  Pilgrims will be protected in Jerusalem

  No fighting for three years

  Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands
• Events at Acre (part 1)

  • July 1187 - Acre fell to Saladin forces
  • From 1189, crusaders began laying siege on Acre but did not have the resources to recapture
  • Philip II Arrived in Jan 1191, Helped Bombard the Walls of the town
  • On the 7th of June, Richard spotted a ship, weighed down with Saladins supplies for crusade, after a struggle they were able to sink it
  • R arrived in Acre on June 8th with a heroes welcome, he had equipment, sunk saladins ship and conquered Cyprus
• Events at Acre (part 2)

  The walls of Acre began to be battered down with tunnel catapults however the French attack was unsuccessful

  The Crusaders had enough men to regularly sway troops while saladins men were getting tired

  11th July - Richards's forces attacked and came very close, Muslim army gave up

  12th July - garrison surrendered the city including stores, artillery and ship