The relationship between parts of a language and things outside the language (in the world)
referent
is external in the sense that each word has a thing or person to refer to in the external world.
Predicate
is any word (or sequence of words) which (in a given single sense) can function as the predicator of a sentence
Predicator
of a simple declarative sentence is the word (sometimes a group of words) which does not belong to any of the referring expressions and which, makes the most specific contribution to the meaning of the sentence.
Pragmatics
is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker or writer and interpreted by a reader or listener
Both speakers and hearers are usually helped by the circumstances surrounding the utterance. These circumstances including other utterances are called speech events .
Types of speech act
Locutionary act
Illocutionary act or force
Perlocutionary act or effect
Locutionary act
Literal meaning of the actual words
Illocutionary act or force
Speaker's intention in uttering the words
Perlocutionary act or effect
The effect this utterance has on the thoughts or actions of the other person
Speechacts
Actions performed via utterances
Speech events
Circumstances surrounding the utterance, including other utterances, that help both speakers and hearers
