7.4-7.6

• Intelligence


  The ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment
• Triarchic theory of intelligence

  • Practical intelligence (street smarts)
  • Creative intelligence (ability to invent or imagine solutions)
  • Analytical intelligence (academic problem solving and computations)
• Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
• Fluid intelligence encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
• Analytical intelligence is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations
• Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation
• Creativity can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story
• Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and reason with emotions
• Analytical intelligence


  Demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
• Analytical intelligence in action

  • Comparing motives of main characters in a classic novel
  • Analyzing historical context of a story
  • Studying processes by which the body uses various minerals in different human systems
  • Analyzing different aspects of a challenging math problem and solving it section by section
• Multiple Intelligences Theory


  • Developed by Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist and former student of Erik Erikson
  • Each person possesses at least eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
• Gardner's theory has been heavily criticized by cognitive psychologists for lacking empirical evidence
• Reason for continued use of Gardner's theory


  It suggests that there are multiple independent intelligences, meaning everyone can be smart in some way, which is an attractive idea in democratic societies
• Emotional intelligence


  Encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
• Some researchers argue that emotional intelligence is a better predictor of success than traditional intelligence
• Emotional intelligence has been widely debated, with researchers pointing out inconsistencies in how it is defined and described, as well as questioning results of studies on a subject that is difficult to measure and study empirically
• Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities

  • The most comprehensive theory of intelligence to date
  • Abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the top, broad abilities in the middle, and narrow (specific) abilities at the bottom
  • Narrow abilities are the only ones that can be directly measured, but they are integrated within the other abilities
  • General intelligence is at the general level, followed by broad abilities like fluid reasoning, short-term memory, and processing speed, and then narrow abilities like memory span and working memory capacity
• Cultural intelligence


  Also referred to as cultural competence, it exemplifies how well you relate to the values of a culture when you visit
• Creativity is a vital form of intelligence that drives people in many disciplines to discover something new
• Divergent thinking


  Thinking "outside the box" to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem
• Convergent thinking


  The ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem
• IQ


  Intelligence quotient, a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence
• IQ tests have been the subject of debate throughout their development and use
• Reliability


  A test's ability to produce consistent results
• Standardization


  The manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent
• Dr. Tom Steitz: 'Looking back over the development and progress of my career in science, I am reminded how vitally important good mentorship is in the early stages of one's career development and constant face-to-face conversations, debate and discussions with colleagues at all stages of research. Outstanding discoveries, insights and developments do not happen in a vacuum.'
• Norming


  Giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups
• Someone's creativity


  Although an individual strength, benefits from interactions with others
• Norms are not expectations of what a given group should know but a demonstration of what that group does know
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale


  An intelligence test developed by Louis Terman, a modified version of Binet's work
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)


  An intelligence test developed by David Wechsler, combining several subtests tapping into verbal and nonverbal skills
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)


  An intelligence test developed by David Wechsler, used widely in schools and communities
• WISC-V


  Composed of 14 subtests, which comprise five indices, which then render an IQ score
• Five indices of WISC-V

  Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Fluid Reasoning, Working Memory, Processing Speed
• Flynn effect


  The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last
• Heritability


  The degree to which a trait is influenced by genetic factors
• The specific skills that should be assessed in IQ testing, the degree to which any test can truly measure an individual's intelligence, and the use of the results of IQ tests are still issues of debate
• Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit a higher correlation between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together
• Atkins v. Virginia case

  Supreme Court ruled that executions of people with intellectual disabilities are 'cruel and unusual punishments' prohibited by the Eighth Amendment
• Range of reaction


  The theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup