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paper 1 psychology
memory
types of long term memory
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Semantic
memory
Our knowledge about the world,
facts
and
concepts
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Episodic
memory
Our
memories
for particular
events
in our lives
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Procedural
memory
An
unconscious
memory of skills, known as
muscle
memory
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Declarative memories
Episodic
and
semantic
memories
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Non-declarative memories
Procedural
memories
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Episodic
memories
Stored with a
reference
to time and
place
Can be recalled
consciously
Autobiographical
Easy to
forget
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Semantic memories
Not stored with a reference to
time
and
place
Can be recalled
consciously
Not
autobiographical
More resistant to
forgetting
Strength
affected by
depth
of processing
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Procedural memories
Not stored with a reference to
time
and
place
Recalled
unconsciously
Not
autobiographical
Very
resistant to
forgetting
Strength affected by amount of
practice
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Amnesiac patients with
hippocampal
damage had significant
episodic
amnesia but largely unaffected
semantic
abilities
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Clive Wearing had
retrograde
amnesia for episodic memories, but retained
semantic
memories and
procedural
skills
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Amnesiac patients can improve on
procedural
skills under
experimental
conditions, without retaining
episodic
or
semantic
memories of the
training
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There are reasons to argue the types of long-term memory may not be as clearly
separated
, such as the connection between procedural and
semantic
memory in producing
automatic
language
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Retrograde amnesia
(clive)
Cannot remember
musical
education (
episodic
)
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Semantic memory (Clive)
Remembers
facts
about his
life
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Procedural memory (Clive)
Can still play the
piano
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Episodic,
semantic
and procedural are separate
processes
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ideographic study (clive wearing)
Would be impossible
experimentally
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Generalising from only a
few
individuals is
problematic
as there may be
unique
issues that explain the
behaviour
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Modern cognitive neuroscience
Uses
brain scanning
to study more
scientifically
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Nomothetic methods allow for
generalisations
to be made
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There is no
simularity
between episodic and semantic memory, they are both
declarative
but develop over time
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episodic memory is facts
meanings
and
concepts
semantic memory is
experiences
and
evens
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