immune response

• phagocytosis:

  • a phagocyte recognises the foreign antigens on the pathogens
  • cytoplasm of tyhe phagocyte moves around the pathogen engulfing it
  • the pathogen is contained in a phagocytic vacuole in the cytoplasm
  • a lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vacuole, the lysozymes break down the pathogen
  • the phagocyte then presents the pathogens antigens
• t-cells are a type of white blood cell
• t-cella has receptor proteins on its surface to bind to complementary antigens which activates the t-cell
• helper t-cells release chemical signals to activate phagocytes
• cytotoxic t-cells kill abnormal and foreign cells
• b-cells are covered in antibodies
• antibodies bind with antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex
• b-cells are specific to a specific antigen
• clinal selection is when a b-cell meats its complementary antigen and with the chemicals released from helper t-cells, the B-cell becomes activated
• activated b-cells divide into plasma cells
• monoclonal antibodies are antibodeis that are specific to an antigen
• an antibody has two binding sites so two pathogens can bind to the same antibody as the same time, this is called agglutination
• the variable region on the antibody is its binding site, it has two
• antibodies contain:

  • variable regions
  • hinge regions
  • constant regions
  • heavy chain
  • light chain
  • disulfuide bridges
• the cellular response includes T-cells and other immune system cells
• the humoral resonse includes b-cells, clonal selection and the production of monoclonal antibodies
• the primary response is slow because there aren’t any b-cells that can create the right antibody needed to bind to it
• during the primary response the person will experience symptoms and t-cells and b-cells are produced
• the secondary response is much faster due to memory b-cells and t-cells
• the secondary response is unlikely to show symptoms