Development

• Development


  Positive change that makes a country better
• Global development gap


  Difference in development between countries
• Measures of development (development indicators)

  • Economic
  • Environmental
  • Social
• Gross National Income (GNI)


  Total value of goods + services produced by a country in a year (overseas included)
• GDP


  Same as GNI
• GNI per head


  GNI divided by the population of a country, also known as GNI per capita
• Birth rate


  Number of life births per thousand of the population per year
• Death rate


  Number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
• Infant mortality rate


  Number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per thousand babies born
• People per doctor


  Average number of people for each doctor
• Literacy rate


  Percentage of adults who can read and write
• Access to safe water

  Percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
• Life expectancy


  Average age a person can expect to live to
• Country groups


  • HICs (High Income Countries)
  • LICs (Low Income Countries)
  • NEEs (Newly Emerging Economies)
• BRICS countries


  • Brazil
  • Russia
  • India
  • China
  • South Africa
• MINT countries


  • Mexico
  • Indonesia
  • Nigeria
  • Turkey
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  Method of measuring development, calculated using income (GDI), life expectancy, and education level
• Every country has an HDI value
• Combination of measures tells about both economic development and quality of life for people who live there
• Classification looks similar to GNI per head but there are some differences - Nigeria is on NEE due to its wealth but has a low HDI
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)


  Shows how birth rates and death rates affect population growth
• Population Pyramid


  Graphical representation of the age and sex structure of a population
• Dependency Ratio


  Ratio of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population
• Stage 1: High birth rate, high death rate, population growth is slow
• Stage 2: Birth rate falls, death rate falls, population growth is rapid
• Stage 3: Birth rate fluctuates, death rate falls, population growth slows
• Stage 4: Birth rate and death rate are low, population growth is stable
• Stage 5: Birth rate and death rate are very low, population may decline
• Birth rate is fluctuating, death rate is falling, natural population increase
• Birth rate and death rate are both low, natural population decrease
• Factors affecting development


  • Poor climate
  • Poor farming land
  • Lack of raw materials
  • Lots of natural disasters
  • No source of water
  • Landlocked
  • Tropical countries
• Poor climate means not much will grow, leading to malnutrition, less money to spend on goods and services, and less tax revenue for the government
• Poor farming land makes it difficult to grow crops and graze animals, with similar effects to poor climate
• Lack of raw materials means fewer products to export, less money to spend on development projects
• Lots of natural disasters require spending a lot of money on rebuilding, leaving less for development projects, and can't afford defences
• No source of water leads to diseases, malnutrition, death, and illness, with no money to afford healthcare
• Being landlocked with bad neighbours or no access to the sea limits ability to import/export, leading to regular conflict and huge payments
• Tropical countries have climate-related diseases that require increased health spending and destabilize the population structure, leaving less money to spend