migration

• long term international migration to UK trends

  immigration > emigration

  peak immigration rate = 650,000 in 2014

  peak emigration rate = 420,000 in 2008

  lowest immigration = 500k in 2012

  lowest emigration = 323k in 2015
• push factors of migrants to britain 2013

  poor career / job opportunities

  low earnings

  war

  political / religious persecution
• pull factors of 2013 britain

  work related reasons

  formal study

  family reasons

  better job opportunities

  higher standard of living

  better healthcare / education

  more political / religious freedom
• patterns of migration 1900-2000

  1900 - 1945 largest immigrant group = Irish

  1901 = 83k eastern europeans living in britain

  1930 = large wave of up to 100,000 jews escaping nazi germany

  1940 = jewish population of 400,000

  1947 = polish resettlement act offered citizenship to 200,000 polish soldiers

  1972 - african / asians allowed to settle in UK after being expelled from Uganda

  1974 = peak in emigration due to recession, unemployment and electricity shortages

  1945-1982 = uk citizens encouraged to australia - 1.5 million left

  1994 - opening of channel tunnel = easier transport
• patterns of migration 2000 onwards

  2004 - expansion of EU, england saw immediate increase in migrants from countries such as latvia and malta

  2011 - 13% of population is migrant born
• demographic impact of migration

  population size increasing

  • net migration high
  • natural increase

  age structure

  • immigration lowers average age
  • directly == immigrants are younger
  • indirectly == younger = more fertile == produce more babies
• impact of migration on identities

  ERIKSON - transnational identities where migrants less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture and develop neither / nor identities

  EADE - 2nd generation bangladeshi muslims created hierarchy of identity = muslim first, bengali then british

  modern technology makes sustaining global ties without travel possible
• impact of migration of fears and attitudes

  contact theory - more positive attitudes are found when there is sustained and positive contact with members of different ethnicities
• impact of migration on dependancy ratio

  immigrants more likely of working age helping lower dependancy ratio

  older migrants tend to return to origin country to retire

  immigrants are younger so have children = increases ratio

  longer a group settles in a country = closer their fertility rate comes to national fertility rate = lower dependency ratio