Unit 1

• Physical development


  The way in which the body increases in skill and becomes more complex
• Physical development


  • Using your big and small muscles
  • Growing taller and stronger
• Cognitive development


  The ability to think, recognise and remember
• Cognitive development


  • Using your brain
  • Problem solving
  • Logical thinking
• Holistic development


  Looking at all areas of development together as they are all connected
• Communication and language


  The ability to make sounds, talk, understand, and interact with others
• Communication and language


  • Speaking and listening
  • Using vocabulary
• Social and emotional development


  The ability to interact with others, develop, manage, and express feelings and become more independent
• Social and emotional development

  • Being kind to others
  • Showing empathy
  • Controlling emotions
  • Working with others
• Gross motor skills


  Use your muscles to make large, co-ordinated movements
• Fine motor skills


  Use your muscles to make small, and precisely co-ordinated movements
• Pincer grip


  When your thumb and index finger come together to hold something small
• Verbal communication


  When people communicate through vocal sounds such as words
• Non-verbal communication


  When people communicate without using vocal sounds
• Social development


  A child's ability to build relationships with others and to interact with the people around them
• Emotional development


  A child's ability to recognise and manage their feelings and have empathy for others
• Milestones for holistic development

  • Birth
  • One year old
  • Two years old
  • Three years old
  • Four years old
  • Five years old
• Nature


  When children are learning by themselves. The ability to learn is something they are born with and develop through their own actions.
• Nurture


  When children's learning is being supported by others.
• Lev Vygotsky


  Theorist who believed in learning through nurture. He believed in the zone of Proximal Development - the difference between what the children already know and what they could know if supported by an adult.
• Jean Piaget


  Theorist who believed in learning through a more natural approach. He had 3 main stages of cognitive development: assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium.
• Assimilation


  When the child forms a theory, e.g. "Milk comes in red cups"
• Accommodation


  The adaptation to accommodate new information, e.g. "Milk can come in any colour cup"
• Equilibrium


  When they have extended the theory to allow for a wide range of outcomes, e.g. "Any liquid can come in any colour and shape of cup/glass"
• Verbal communication


  The process of sharing information using language
• Non-verbal communication


  Communicating without using vocal sounds
• Self-concept


  The way we see ourselves and what we think about ourselves, made up of self-image, self-esteem, and ideal self
• Self-regulation


  The way we manage our emotions
• Milestones - Birth


  Physical

  • hands are firmly closed
  • Often fold their thumb under their fingers
  • Lies on their back with head to one side
  • Head lags when pulled to sitting position.
• Milestones - Birth


  Cognitive

  • Turns head towards bright light
  • Likes looking at high contrast patterns.
  • Is startled by sudden noises.
  • Shows primitive reflexes.
• Milestones - Birth


  Communication and language

  • Recognises mother’s or main caregiver’s voice.
  • Cannot hear very soft sounds.
  • Cries to indicate need
• Milestones - Birth


  Social and emotional

  • Often imitates facial expressions
  • Expresses pleasure at bath time or when being fed
  • Enjoys physical touch.
• Milestones - 1 year old 


  Physical

  • Points using index finger
  • Stands and may cruise around furniture
  • Passes and releases toy
  • Sits down from standing
  • Clasps hands together
  • Is more mobile
  • Holds crayon with palmar grasp and makes random marks
• Milestones - 1 year old 



  Cognitive

  • Understands simple instructions (for example, ‘clap hands’)
  • Imitates and responds to gestures
  • Anticipates future routines
• Milestones - 1 year old 



  Communication and language

  • Babbles tunefully, leading to first single spoken words
  • Raises tone to gain attention
  • Follows simple instructions and understands simple frequent words
• Milestones - 1 year old 


  Social and emotional

  • Enjoys playing simple games (for example, ‘peek a boo’)
  • Cries if unable to see carer
  • Dependent on others
  • Plays alone or alongside others happily
• Milestones - 2 year old 



  Physical

  • Separates interlocking toys
  • Throws and kicks a ball
  • Uses pincer grip to pick up small objects
  • Runs with control
  • Draws lines, dots, and circles
  • Walks up and down stairs by holding adult’s hand
• Milestones - 2 year old 



  Cognitive

  • Understands that a mirror is a reflection
  • Begins to understand consequences of their own actions
  • Names pictures and objects in a book
• Milestones - 2 year old 



  Communication and language

  • Uses 50 words or more
  • Joins 2 words together
  • Refers to self by name
  • Understands a wide range of words
• Milestones - 2 year old 



  Social and emotional

  • Confident and curious to explore the environment
  • Often feels frustrated when unable to express feelings
  • May be clingy at times but independent at others