Chapter 11 Self-Test Study Notes

• Pus


  Substance formed when white blood cells engulf and destroy invading microbes
• Antibodies


  Produced by leukocytes when foreign protein is introduced into the bloodstream
• White blood cells


  • Can eat invading bacteria and produce antibodies
• Materials found in plasma

  • Hormones
  • Oxygen
  • Amino acids
  • Thromboplastin
  • Salts
• Thromboplastin


  Substance released by platelets to initiate the blood clotting mechanism
• Person has blood type B


  Can donate to a person with blood type AB and receive blood from a person with blood type O
• Anemia


  Usually cured by adding iron to the diet
• Donor has O positive blood, recipient has AB blood


  Blood clumped because the donor is Rh positive and cannot donate to an Rh negative individual
• Sudden temporary rise in white cell count

  Indicates the person has an infection
• Mother is Rh negative, baby is Rh positive


  Rh factor in the blood presents a problem
• Antibodies do not stimulate the production of antigens
• Functions of blood


  • Carrying hormones
  • Removing wastes
  • Dissipating body heat
  • Carrying antibodies
• Properties of red blood cells

  • They are biconcave disks
  • They are formed in the bone marrow
  • They contain no nuclei at maturity
  • They are constantly being replaced
• White blood cells


  Formed in the bone marrow
• Plasma


  Contains salts and proteins in solution
• Antigen


  Stimulus for antibody formation
• ABO blood group system

  Involves two antigens
• Blood does not usually clot within a blood vessel

  The platelets are intact and do not change shape
• Blood type O


  Has no antigens, making it possible to be mixed with any other blood type
• Red blood cell production

  Increased at high altitudes
• Major groups of leukocytes

  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
• Bone marrow damage


  Likely to have problems with the formation of red and white blood cells
• Cellular portion of blood

  • Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue - performs phagocytosis and produces antibodies
  • Bone marrow - transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide
  • Bone marrow - active in blood clotting
• Blood type AB


  Contains A and B antigens but no A and B antibodies
• Suspected pathogenic bacterial infection


  White blood cell count would be the most significant aid in verifying the diagnosis
• Bacterial infection


  Fought by white blood cells and antibodies
• Phagocytosis


  Important activity common to macrophages that helps protect the body against infections
• Lymphocytes


  Fight disease-producing organisms by producing antibodies
• A lymphocyte can distinguish self from foreign matter
• A lymphocyte can be a B cell or a T cell
• T cells pass through the thymus
• Macrophages


  Not memory cells
• Vaccination or inoculation


  Induces long and short-term immunity by weakened or nonvirulent strains of bacteria and viruses
• Mutation


  Minor changes in the influenza ribonucleic acid (RNA) that "blueprints" the spikes, making the RNA molecule unstable
• Higher than normal number of leukocytes


  May be diagnosed with leukemia
• Lower than normal hemoglobin or red blood cells


  Might be suffering from anemia
• Specific defences of the body

  • B lymphocytes (B cells)
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)
  • Antibody production by B cells
• Production of antibodies


  1. T-cells bind to the B cell antibody-antigen complex, activating the B cell

  2. B cell enlarges and divides to produce memory B cells and plasma cells

  3. Plasma cells produce large quantities of antibodies

  4. Memory B cells remain in the blood, ready to trigger another response