AC2

• What are forms of social control?

  Internal- Rational ideology, tradition and internationalisation of social rules

  External- Coercion and fear of punishment (individual & general deterrence
• What is internal social control?


  When we control ourselves, self-control which comes from our own personalities, beliefs and values
• What is involved in internal social control?


  Rational ideology- Idea/beliefs to achieve control, your own conscious, with feelings of guilt/anxiety

  Tradition- Own traditions, customs or norms that ensure you conform to the rules (Religion/culture/upbringing)

  Internalisation of social rules and morality- Working out the right thing to do and knowing right/wrong based upon social value
• What is external social control?


  When other people or groups in our society control us. Known as agencies of control
• What is involved in external social control?

  Coercion- Can be physical or non-violent. Examples, are imprisonment, bodily injury strikes and boycotts. Prisons use this with the threat of loss of liberty

  Fear of punishment- Using punishment as a deterrent to stop people from offending

  Individual deterrence: Punishment on offenders to deter them from committing further crimes

  General deference: Fear of punishment that prevents others from committing similar crimes e.g. death penalty
• What theory links to forms of social control?

  Walter Reckless

  • Argues we resist committing crimes due to our inner/outer containment
  • Inner containment comes from our upbringing
  • Outer containment refers to the influences of social groups

  These work together to negate deviance tendencies
• What are the 5 aims of punishment?

  1) Retribution

  2) Deterrence

  3) Reparation

  4) Public protection

  5) Rehabilitation
• What is the purpose of sentencing?

  1) To punish offenders

  2) To reduce crime

  3) To protect the public

  4) To rehabilitate

  5) To repatriate victims when needed
• What is retribution?


  Based on the idea an offender needs to be punished

  • Aims to provide an adequate level of justice to the victims of the offenders crime

  Durkheim: expressive view of punishment and expresses society's outrage for an act e.g. Mandatory sentences

  Theory: Right Realism- Due to offenders bonds are weak and means they are unable to control their criminal urges
• What is deterrence?


  It is a forward thinking approach with crime reduction, establishing fear to prevent future offending

  • Individual deterrence to ensure offender doesn't re-offend e.g. suspended sentence
  • General deterrence prevents potential offenders from committing crime

  Links to tariff system (Social learning theory)

  Marxist Theory: View that criminality is inevitable given the capitalist society in which we live in
• What is rehabilitation?


  Aim is to reform the offenders and reintroduce them to society

  • Believes criminals can change their behaviour
  • Can be seen in community sentences and probation orders e.g drug treatment orders

  Individualistic Theory: To promote behaviour modification e.g anger management courses and prison token economy
• What is reparation?

  'Pay back' aiming to ensure the defendant pays back to the victim or society for wrong doing

  • Included restorative justice: Chance to tell offenders the impact of their crime

  Left Realism: Views this as contributing to a long-term change towards a more equal and caring society
• What is public protection?

  Punishment protects society from dangerous criminals e.g prison

  • Offender is prevented from having their freedom

  Right Realism: A sentence is required to protect the public because social constraints are weak
• What are the Criticisms of retribution & rehabilitation?

  Retribution- Very punitive approach and no help in preventing future offences

  Rehabilitation- Lack of popularity amongst public, right realists argue that many offenders reoffend even after programmes

  • 50% reoffend
  • Prison is like a University Of Crimes (Learn from each other)
• What are the 4 forms of punishment?


  Imprisonment

  Community Sentences

  Fines

  Discharges
• How does imprisonment meet the aims of punishment?

  It is a detention of an offender in prison

  Retribution: Incarceration away from family & loss of liberty

  Public protection: Keeps them away from victims

  Rehabilitation: Deterred from further offending & behaviour management courses

  Reparation: Less likely to be given back to socity

  + Long sentences achieve the aim of protecting society

  - Increase in the number of people recalled to custody. (Nearly 1,000 people)

  - High numbers of re-offending and recalled to prison shows that prisons do not rehabilitate individuals
• How does Community sentence meet the aims of punishment?

  Often given for less serious/non-violent offences

  • Usually have to do 40-300 hours of work

  Retribution: Unpaid & restrictions can be seen as a punishment

  Public protection: Curfew and restrictions on activities

  Reparation: Restorative justice (understanding the impact of harm)

  + Community sentences are nearly 9% more effective at reducing one year re-offending rates compared to imprisonment

  - 2013, 3/4 those sent to prison the previous year had already had at least one community sentence= doesn't meet aim of rehabilitation fully
• How does fines meet the aims of punishment?

  Common disposable of a case in magistrates court

  Retribution: Can be penal in nature e.g Health/safety breaches

  Public protection: Does not achieve this aim in itself

  Reparation: Compensation with the community

  Rehabilitation: Not effective, not reintegrative

  + Main purpose is to provide deterrence for the offender

  + Fines can be escalated if not paid. Possible prison time

  - Many fines are written off 61% and cannot be traces

  - Not effective in achieving retribution or deterrence
• How does discharges meet the aims of punishment?

  Can be either conditional or absolute

  • Conditional discharge is used frequently for first time minor offences (aims to stop re-offending/deterrence)
  • Absolute discharge is rare but is when no penalty is imposed

  Retribution: No penalty may be given = no punishment

  Public protection: No value as offender is released

  Rehabilitation: A conditional may include seeking help