AS - Globalisation and Regeneration

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Created by
Hannah Cooley

Cards (38)

  • Bretton Woods Trust

    World Trade Organisation (WTO)
    • reduces trade barriers between countries.
    • facilitates free trade via global agreements.
    International Monetary Fund (IMF)
    • promotes global economic and financial stability.
    • encourages developing countries to accept FDI and implement free trade.
    World Bank
    • lends money to developing countries to fund economic development and reduce poverty.
  • EU

    …
    • Started in 1950 with 6 members.
    • 28 members.
    • Allow free movement across their borders.
    • Aim for political unity and economic interdependency.
  • Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
    …
    • 10 members.
    • Started in 1967.
    • Encourage free trade by eliminating tarrifs.
    • Promotes peace and stability between its members with them pledging to not own nuclear weapons.
  • China’s Open Door Policy - 1978

    …
    • Allows China to embrace globalisation whilst remaining under one party.
    • Mass migration over the next 30 years with 300 million moving to megacities.
    • 1990’s: 50% of China’s GDP was from SEZ’s.
    • 400 million escaped poverty.
  • Deindustrialisation in the West Midlands
    …
    • 1971-1993: over half a million manufacturing jobs were lost.
    • 1965-1981: investment was significantly below national average.
    • Industrial dereliction with high unemployment rates, especially for skilled, young adult males.
    • 1990’s, massive shift from manufacturing to service jobs.
  • Russian Oligarchs - London

    …
    • Russian Oligarchs have bought homes in wealthier parts of London - Mayfair, Westminster.
    • Some have also acquired controlling interests in European companies.
    • Allows the Russian Elite access to the global financial market with the UK benefiting from investment.
    • Over £250 billion raised between 2004 and 2013 by Russian Oligarchs.
  • Migration on Source Countries
    Benefits:
    • Remittances - sending money to family from host to source country.
    • Less population
    • Less pressure on social services
    • More jobs for unemployed
    • Less pollution
    Costs:
    • Reduced economic growth
    • Less working population
    • Loss of skilled workers
    • Potential dereliction and decline or services.
  • Migration on Host Countries
    Benefits:
    • Better quality of life
    • More services
    • Better pay
    • Job shortages filled
    • More culturally diverse
    Costs:
    • High population density - overcrowding
    • Stress on services
    • High crime rates
    • More pollution
    • Social tensions between groups
  • Opposing Globalisation

    France:
    • Protective of culture, language and media.
    • 40% of TV output must have French productions.
    • French music heavily promoted on radio stations.
    China:
    • Great Firewall of China - Censorship of BBC and Facebook.
    • Only allow 34 foreign movies to be shown per year.
    Nigeria:
    • Oil spills from TNC’s (Royal Dutch Shell) causes land degradation.
  • Papúa New Guinea

    CULTURAL EROSION - the loss of unique cultural practices, beliefs and traditions over time.
    • Over 7000 cultural groups in Papúa New Guinea.
    • Young Amazonians are noving from the rainforest to urban areas - Manuas - and are wanting better lives from themselves and their children.
    • These indigenous tribes are becoming more Westernised by wearing t-shirts and drinking Coca Cola.
  • First Nations - Canada
    …
    • 634 First Nation governments who protect their rights and culture.
    • Suffered land degradation due to oil spills from TNC’s.
    • 20km exclusion zone where Tar Sands are being exploited as a unconventional fossil fuel. Produces 250,000 barrels of bitumen per day.
    • Keep Jumbo Wild Campaign is to protect their land and conserve their culture and identity.
  • Transition Towns

    An area where individuals and businesses are doing things to make their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade.
    Totnes - South Devon:
    • Promotes ethical and fair trade farming.
    • Hold weekly and monthly food markets.
    • Transition Town Totnes is a community led charity that run projects to improve housing and livelihoods.
    Todmorden - West Yorkshire:
    • Most food is grown locally with local markets thriving.
    • Incredible Edible Todmorden encourages buyers and sellers to work together to benefit the planet.
    • Created 40 public fruit and vegetable gardens.
  • Shrinking world. The world feels smaller due to places being closer in terms of travel time.
  • Time space compression

    The cost and speed of communication has fallen overtime due to satelittes, fast broadband and fibre optic cables.
  • Gini Coeffient

    Measures the economic inequality of a country.
    0 (straight line) = perfect equality
    1 = perfect inequality
    Inequality=Inequality =A/(A+B) A / (A+B)
  • Rust Belt - USA

    The decline in mining and steel manufacturing towns.
    Detroit, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan.
    Due to:
    • Global shift and oversea companies
    • Mechanisation of mining
    • Lower wages in USA resulting in relocation of car industries.
    Coal industry survived due to government subsidies.
    Primary and Secondary jobs replaced with low paid tertiary jobs.
  • Sink estates

    Housing estates with high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gangs.
    E.g. Glasgow Barracks.
  • Gated communities

    Urban or rural areas that have CCTV and 24/7 security guards. Designated to deter access by unknown people and reduce crime.
  • Itchen Valley - Commuter Village
    …
    • 1900 residents in 4 villages. Near Winchester, the M3 and train services to London.
    • Influx of younger families has improved the school and entertainment facilities.
    • Rolling chalk cliffs and beautiful settlements attracting people and conserving scenic and ecological value.
    • House prices have risen drastically - £588,882 compared to the British average of £298,313.
  • Powys, Wales - Declining Rural Settlement
    …
    • 2011 Cenus showed Powys having 46.8% of rural communities.
    • Llandsilin, Powys has a population of 700.
    • Has considerably less broadband and phone coverage.
    • Average house price of £230,076.
    • Other IMD indicators scored in 50% of the least deprived areas in Wales.
  • Longbridge, West Midlands
    • 468 acre brownfield site.
    • St Modwen tasked with regenerating the area.
    • 2005: MG Rover closure - resulted in the loss of 7000 jobs.
  • Benefits of Longbridge

    …
    • 10,000 jobs created
    • 200,000 sqft of office and retail space
    • new, large retail park
    • 200 new, better quality homes
    • Bournville College (costing £66 million) more people in HE
    • Technology Park - 60+ small businesses - encourage teamwork and building of connections
    • The Factory - social space
    • River Rea restored
  • Problems of Longbridge

    …
    • Rising home prices
    • Neighbouring shops and business could lose money and customers (Northfield Centre)
    • Still not finished so don’t know how successful regeneration is.
  • Lee Bank, Birmingham
    • High density area with high rise housing.
    • Suicide rate 5x higher than the Birmingham average.
    • High crime rate.
    • Regeneration plans in 1963 and 1967 but area has deteriorated due to lack of maintenance.
    2011 Cenus:
    • 35% of people are either semi skilled or unskilled workers.
    • Many transcendents (people that move every few years) - poor quality housing and maintenance.
    • 6,216 in IMD overall out of 32,844.
    • Worst in income deprivation out of IMD factors.
  • Eden Project, Cornwall
    • Late 1990’s: 60m deep, China clay pit was bought.
    • Soil made out of waste materials.
    • Reading University helped the Eden Project make over 83,000 tonnes of soil from local mine waste and composted bark.
    • 1,000+ rainforest species.
    • Opened in 2001 - 1.2 million visitors in the first year.
    • 2005: Sustainable education centre.
    • 2017: Eden International launches. Expanding to places in Australia, Colombia and China.
    • 2021: first geothermal well.
    • Hosted the G7.
  • HS2
    • Phase 1: London to Birmingham.
    • Phase 2: Birmingham to Crewe.
    • Costing £42.5 billion, expected to open 2029-2033.
    • Phase 2b: Crewe to Manchester to Leeds - £17 billion.
    • HS2 East Core Network - £12.8 billion.
    Phase 2 was cancelled in October 2023 due to funding.
  • Benefits and Costs of HS2
    Benefits:
    • £41.4-£46.9 billion economic benefits.
    • Trains will transport between 12,000 and 35,000.
    • Easier, quicker and more efficient way to travel the country.
    • Takes less time than upgrading existing rail lines.
    Costs:
    • NIMBY’s have protested about noise pollution as 28 trains past by per hour.
    • Rush-hour delays and longer commuting times for people closer to stations.
    • Protecting Rural England have doubts on carbon emissions.
    • Institute of Economic Affairs predict costs will be greater than economic benefits.
  • Heathrow Airport

    Potential expansion of a third runway - cost of £18.6 billion.
    Benefits:
    • Essential to keep up with demand.
    • £100 billion of benefits nationally.
    • Protects 114,000 jobs and creates 70,000 new ones.
    Costs:
    • More noise and air pollution.
    • 3-4 million tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
    • Locals will lose their homes.
  • Urban Regeneration Strategies

    Retail led - Birmingham Bullring.
    Tourism led - Boscombe.
    • Creating an artificial surf reef.
    • Funded by the sale of a car-park which is used to build exclusive flats.
    • By 2015, attracted £200 million in inward investment creating 12,000 jobs.
    Sport led - Olympic Park.
    • First, sustainable Olympics.
    • Inward investment was a critical spinoff for flagship developments.
    • International Quarter
    • Here East - digital and creative hub
    • Permanent sport venues e.g. Veledrome
    • 10,000 homes, schools, 3 health centres and multipurpose leisure centres.
  • Rural Regeneration Strategies

    Tourism led - Centre Parcs.
    Sport led - Go Ape.
    Culture led - Yorkshire Sculpture Park.
    • International centre for modern and contemporary sculpture - 400,000 visitors per year.
    • 6 indoor galleries.
    Rural Diversification - Powys, Wales.
    • Agriculture - selling specialties, farming unusual animals, medicinal or energy crops.
    • Non-agricultural - paintballing, shooting and festival sites.
    • Regeneration Partnership and Leader programme. 2011-2013, grants of over £4 million have helped 310 businesses and community projects.
  • Rebranding - Birmingham

    1838: New Street Station.
    1950’s: more populated, stringer and bigger buildings, traffic lights and crossings.
    1964: Bullring.
    2010: New Street rebuilding. Took 5 years and cost £750 million. 140,000+ use New Street everyday.
    Trams expected to provide £50 million a year and create 1,300 jobs, connecting train stations.
    2013: Secret garden library.
  • Rebranding - Liverpool Waters

    …
    • 2km of waterfront.
    • ‘Peel‘ - property developers. Cost £5.5 billion and take 30 years.
    • 9000 flats, shops and office space, new cruise terminal, cultural buildings.
    • Flagship 55-story Shanghai Tower - attracting Chinese investors.
    • UNESCO is against the scheme as the dockland is a Worle Hertiage site.
  • Rebranding - Bronte County

    …
    • Bleak, wild moorlands. Pennine Hills, West Yorkshire.
    • Inspiration for Bronte sisters literature.
    • Haworth - their birthplace - has become a tourist hotspot. Quaint high street with stone, cobbled houses has been preserved from the 1800’s.
  • Rebranding - Kielder

    …
    • Europe‘s largest coniferous plantation and a 11km reservoir.
    • Produces HEP.
    • An outdoor nature playground attracting 345,000 visitors annually.
    • Generates revenue from car parking and on-site facilities.
  • Clark Fisher Model
  • Human Development Index (HDI)

    …
    1. Years in schooling
    2. Life expectancy
    3. GDP
  • Gender Inequality Index

    …
    1. Female mortality
    2. Pregnancy health and services
    3. Fertility
    4. Jobs avaliable and gender pay gap
  • Index of Multiple Deprivation

    …
    1. Income
    2. Employment
    3. Health
    4. Crime
    5. Education
    6. Housjng
    7. Lived environment