1.1

• Critical reading


  Engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim
• Reasoning


  The act of giving statements for justification and explanation
• When reading critically, it is necessary to question the different arguments used by the author, as any problem can weaken the authenticity of the conclusion
• Steps in critical reading as reasoning

  1. Identify assertions

  2. Formulating a counterclaim

  3. Determining evidence
• Different forms of hedges

  • Modals: may, could, would, should, might, certain, must, etc.
  • Frequency adverbs: usually, generally, commonly
  • Probability adverbs: probably, possibly, presumably
• Evaluative statement


  A statement that states one's sound judgement about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidence
• How to formulate an evaluative statement

  1. Begin with the positive before you point out the negatives

  2. Suggest a solution/s or suggestion/s on how to improve the written material being evaluated and provide justification how these will work

  3. Keep your feedback concise and precise

  4. Be careful in giving your feedback
• Types of assertions


  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Counterclaim


  A claim made to rebut a previous claim
• Elements of argument


  • Claim
  • Counterclaim
  • Reason
  • Evidence
• Textual evidence


  The details given by the author in order to support his/her claims
• Ways of presenting textual evidence

  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
  • Referencing
  • Quoting
• Book review or article critique

  Describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book's overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to the unknown readers
• Literature review


  A type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic
• Components of a literature review

  • Introduction
  • Main body
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Literature review strategies


  • Summary
  • Synthesis
  • Analysis
  • Evaluation
• Research report


  A long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer's views and findings on a chosen subject
• Components of a research report

  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References
• Project proposal


  A document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling
• Guidelines in writing a project proposal

  • Gathering the data
  • Organizing the data
  • Writing the proposal
  • Revising the proposal
• Formatting a project proposal


  • Introduction
  • Project description
• Position paper


  A composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity about an issue
• Supporting evidences for a position paper

  • Factual knowledge
  • Statistical inferences
  • Informed opinions
  • Personal testimony
• Components of a position paper


  • Introduction
  • The body
  • Conclusion
• Resume


  Originated from the French word résumé which means, "summary"
• Structure and organization of a sample resume

  • Personal details
  • Career objective/summary
  • Education
  • Work experience
  • Additional information
  • References
• College admission letter


  Also known as the "letter of intent", it is a brief discussion of your intention to be admitted in a specific course in college

  
• Employment application letter


  Also known as a "cover letter", it is used to introduce yourself to a prospective employer
• Parts of an application letter

  • Three (3) letter format
• Office correspondence


  A written interchange of internal (communication between company departments) and external communication (communication between a company to another firm) to assist the flow of business processes
• Various forms of office correspondence

  • Business letter
  • Business memorandum or memo
  • Business email