Extra

• When the Broca's area is damaged, patients loose the ability to speak fluently
• Hypothalamus regulates your body temp
• Pituitary gland produces hormones for sexual development and growth
• the brain uses 20% of the bodies energy
• Through studies of lesions (injuries), we can

  • see the changes in personality, and behavior (for example a man had epilepsy had a part of his temporal lobes and hippocampus removed and could not form new long-term memories)
  • By FMRI, MRI, PET, and CT scans
  • Dissection of the brain - autopsy
• More folds in the brain --> larger cerebral cortex without having to increase the size of the cranium
• Brain imaging

  A) MRI

  B) Ct

  C) PET

  D) FMRI

  
• Pet scan (Positron emission tomography) - Uses a radioactive drug called a tracer (Glucose) to inject into the blood that flows to the brain - we can identify the metabolic activity + function of the brain and identify diseases
• Advantage of innate behaviors

  • critical behavior perfectly on the first time
  • No parental cost associated
  • A desirable innate trait will be fixed more rapidly in the pop.
• FMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - Measures the flow of oxygenated blood to specific areas of the brain when it's active
• Learned behaviour is acquired through experience or learning
• The nervous system consists of two main parts; the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) - Creates images of soft tissues inside the body using magnetic fields and radio waves
• The amygdala is involved with emotional responses
• The hippocampus is involved with memory formation
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography) - X rays are passed through the head at different angles and then computer software combines these images to produce an image of the internal structure of the brain
• Innate behaviours are instinctive, inherited and genetically determined
• phototaxis - the tendency of an organism to move towards or away from a light source
• a skinner box is used for operant conditioning
• Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a response is strengthened or weakened by the consequences of that response
• Classical conditioning - learning through association of two stimuli, pavlovs dog
• Wild bee's starting a migration is an innate behavior
• Habituation - the process by which a stimulus loses its ability to evoke a response
• Pavlov's dog is an example of using unconditioned stimulus, the food was the unconditioned stimulus
• An unconditioned stimulus is the automatic response to a stimulus
• Tube in Pavlov's dog is to measure the saliva produced by the dog as he hears the bell
• Evolution is the changes in gene frequencies in a population over time
• founder effect: the process by which a small number of individuals start a new population and the new population is genetically different from the original population
• bottleneck effect: when a small population is exposed to a catastrophic event, the population is reduced to a small number of individuals
• Natural selection is the process by which the frequency of a particular allele in a population changes over time (by reproduction)
• genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
•  Latent learning: learning that occurs without the learner being aware of it.
• (MxC)/R = N - capture mark release recapture
• operant conditioning, trial and error shaped by either reward or punishment
• Kinesis- undirected random movement in response to a stimulus
• Taxis : movement; motion. (positive or negative)
• Null hypothesis, a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
• evolutionary advantages to innate behavior

  • Migration - increase chances of survival
  • Pheromone communication - reduces predators ability to detect them
  • Nurturing - increased offspring
• Neuron firing, action potential

  Resting potential - K open, Na closed

  Depolarisation - K closed, Na open

  Repolarisation - K closed, Na closed
• resting state of an action potential is always at -70 mv