Social class - external

• Howard


  Poor diet in wc- high illness (child protection?)
• Reay


  Wc - local unis - live home with no travel cost

  Work part time to pay for study

  Fear debt
• Smith and Noble


  Poverty- barrier to learn, cannot afford

  Poor quality local school
• Ridge


  Children in poverty take on jobs (babysit, paper round)

  Has a -ve impact on school work
• Sugarman


  Wc + mc achieve differently due to attitudes

  4 barriers to achievement:

  1. Fatalism (nothing can be done to change status)
  2. Collectivism (value success as a group more)
  3. Immediate gratification (seek pleasure now)
  4. Present time orientation (present is more important)
• Bernstein


  Wc - restricted speech (slang, limited)

  Mc - elaborate speech (detailed, clear)
• Bourdieu


  Cultural, economic, educational capital link

  Mc more equipped to meet demand (weath, private, tuition)
• Sullivan 


  Questionaires (different activities)

  eg reading, wider knowledge, vocab = GCSEs
• Douglas


  Parental influence (mc are more school related)
• Gerwirtz


  3 parent types:

  1. Privileged skill choosers (mc - money and cc info to know where best)
  2. Disconnected local choosers (wc - restricted, less confident with schools)
  3. Semi-skilled choosers (wc - ambitious but confused by system)