Cardiolympathic system

• Types of Muscle in the heart

  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac Muscle


  Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (involuntary control)
• Smooth Muscle


  Found in the lining of organs such as the stomach, esophagus and uterus, smooth muscle is also controlled by autonomic nervous system
• Skeletal Muscle


  Found attached to our bones, skeletal muscles are controlled by the systemic nervous system (voluntary control)
• Type I Muscle Fibers

  • Cause slower muscle twitch, found in greater abundance in distance runners, break down ATP slowly but efficiently to release energy
• Type II Muscle Fibers


  • Cause faster muscle twitch, found in greater abundance in sprinters, break down ATP quickly but less efficiently
• Blood Flow and Conduction System

  1. Body/Brain receives oxygenated blood from heart

  2. Newly deoxygenated blood from the body/brain returns to the heart

  3. Heart pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O2

  4. Newly oxygenated blood returns to the heart, which pumps it out to the body/brain
• Pathways of Blood Flow

  • Pulmonary Pathway
  • Systemic Pathway
  • Coronary Pathway
• Pulmonary Pathway


  Circulates blood back from the heart to the lungs and back
• Systemic Pathway


  Circulates blood back from the heart to the body and back
• Coronary Pathway


  Circulates deoxygenated blood back to the inferior vena cava and travels through the right atrium to the right ventricle and then to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Oxygen blood enters the heart from the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium, left ventricle and exits out to be pumped out of the body via the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
• Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the heart through capillaries embedded directly in the heart wall. These capillaries are supplied by two small arteries that branch off of the aorta. Deoxygenated blood is carried away in coronary veins.
• Function of the blood vessels are switched in the heart. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood (from the lungs to the left atrium) and Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood (from the right ventricle to the lungs). Pulmonary veins usually carry deoxygenated blood to the heart and the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Electrocardiogram graph


  • P = contraction of atria
  • QRS = contraction of ventricles
  • T = recovery of ventricles/recovery of atria
• Blood Clotting Process


  1. Injured blood vessel releases chemical messengers which attract platelets to the site

  2. Collecting platelets rupture and release substances that combine with other blood components to produce an enzyme called thromboplastin

  3. With the help of calcium ions, thromboplastin reacts with prothrombin (a protein secreted by the liver), producing thrombin

  4. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a protein found within the plasma) to produce fibrin

  5. Fibrin strands act as a sort of mesh, preventing blood cells from escaping and forming a clot
• Vasodilation


  The expansion of blood vessels to release heat as a result of homeostasis of the body's temperature and sweat
• Vasoconstriction


  The loosening of blood vessels' diameter to trap heat as a result of homeostasis of the body's temperature for warmth
• Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation


  Correlated with blood pressure, exercise and alcohol and nicotine
• Blood pressure


  Correlated by an increase of anxiety, fear, exercise, lifestyle, illness, etc.
• Blood Components


  • Plasma 55%
  • White blood cells and platelets (<1%)
  • Red blood cells 45%
• Plasma


  Has no nucleus and breaks down quickly in blood
• Red Blood Cells


  Consists of no nucleus so cells can carry hemoglobin molecules (iron-containing respiratory pigment to contain oxygen)
• White Blood Cells


  Contains a nucleus and double when your body is fighting an infection
• Disorders of the blood cells

  • Sickle cell Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Hemophilia
• Sickle Cell Anemia


  Red blood cells rupture and don't function properly
• Leukemia


  Cancer of the blood marrow (the site of white blood cells production), caused by the abnormal increase of immature white blood cells, weakening the immune system, prevents blood from clotting normally, leading to frequent nose-bleeds and bruising
• Hemophilia


  Hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood, increase the risk of bleeding upon injury
• Lymphatic System


  Acts in conjunction with the circulatory system to protect the body against infection
• Main Components of the Lymphatic System

  • Phagocytes
  • Non-specific immune line
  • T-cells
  • B-cells
• Phagocytes


  Macrocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes engulf and destroy harmful pathogens through phagocytosis
• 1. cells


  Killer T Cells, Helper T Cells, Suppressor T Cells
• Killer T Cells


  Eliminate infected blood cells to prevent the spread of disease
• Helper T Cells


  Analyzes the site of pathogens invading other blood cells and helps the killer T cells to eliminate the infected blood cells to prevent the spread of disease
• Suppressor T Cells


  Monitors Killer-T cells to prevent them from killing healthy body tissues
• 1. cells


  Memory B-cells, Plasma B-cells
• Memory B-cells


  Display antibodies (proteins) that match the antigens (proteins) presented by that particular pathogen, remain in the bloodstream so whenever they identify the same pathogen again, they can quickly call a phagocyte to the scene
• Plasma B-cells


  Produce antibodies that recognize and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens, essentially slowing down the destruction of pathogens on healthy blood cells and marking it for phagocytes, antibodies from Plasma B-cells also remained in the bloodstream so the next time the same pathogen enters the bloodstream, a phagocyte can quickly destroy it on the scene with the help of memory and plasma b-cells
• RH- (D) Group


  The absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells; incompatible with blood from an Rh-positive donor
• RH+ (D) Group


  The presence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells; compatible with blood from another Rh-positive donor
• O Blood Group


  The lack of A and B antigens on red blood cells; can receive blood from O negative donors