sport and society paper 2

• Physical recreation


  a physical activity or pastime that promotes health, relaxation and enjoyment
• Physical recreation characteristics


  -Fun

  -physically energetic

  -Voluntary

  -Participation level of ability

  -Self officiated
• Physical recreation Function for individual

  -improves health and fitness

  -helps develop skills

  -increase self esteem

  -Act as stress relief

  -help people to socialise
• Functions of physical recreation for society

  -Increased health and fitness reduces strain on NHS

  -improve social cohesion and community cohesion

  -increase in employment and economic benefits e.g. buying equipment/using facilities

  -More positive use of free time increases social control= reduced crime rate
• Key characteristics of SPORT

  -Highly structured/strict rules

  -Uses specialist equipment

  -Officials present

  -Strategies and tactics involved

  -Rewards received for success

  -High skill levels

  -competitive

  -High commitment
• Functions of SPORT


  -Increased self confidence

  -increased social opportunities

  -Develop positive morals such as fair play/sportsmanship

  
  

  --decrease strain on NHS

  -social control increased

  -Social integration increased

  -equal opportunity for all
• Characteristics of PE


  Compulsory

  Formally taught

  4 Key stages as part of National Curriculum from ages 5 to 16

  Begins at Primary school 'foundation level'

  Teachers in charge of delivering lessons

  Lessons pre-planned, highly structured

  During school time.
• Aims of PE


  -self esteem

  -Mental skills

  -Physical skills

  -Health and fitness

  -Leadership skills

  -social skills

  -Active leisure
• Outdoor Education


  -Team work

  -Awareness of safety -perceived risk only

  -Knowledge/respect for nature

  -Self esteem

  -Leadership skills

  -Communication skills
• Problems facing outdoor education

  -lack of time

  -lack of money

  -lack of qualified staff
• School Sport


  The competitive, performance-orientated extra-curricular activities offered by schools
• DEVELOPMENT OF ELITE PERFORMERS IN SPORT
• Personal factors and qualities necessary to develop as an elite performer

  -Commitments/self discipline

  -Determination to succeed

  -Highly motivated

  -Willing to self sacrifice

  -High pain tolerance

  -High level of self confidence

  -Highly skilled physically and/or naturally talented

  -High level of physical fitness
• Social and cultural factors

  -High socio-economic status

  -High quality, supportive educational provision

  -Structured levels of competition to progress through

  -High levels of media coverage and role models to aspire to
• UK sport


  Responsible for developing high performance sport in UK

  -They invest and distribute national lottery funding for elite performer development

  -Provide funding to NGBs = can operate a World Class Programme

  -Provide funding via Athlete performance Awards to cover living and sporting costs once they reach a certain level

  -Provide funding to national institutes

  -Involved in running Talent ID programmes

  -Medal success is no.1 goal
• National Institutes of Sport

  Work with coaches and sports administrators to help improve their athletes performance

  -sports science

  -Medical

  -Performance lifestyle support

  -High level facilities

  -Physio
• National governing bodies of sport

  Help ensure the development of elite performers by initially promoting and increasing participation and providing equal opportunities for all

  -Positive role models used to promote sport to target group

  -Accessible facilities

  -Policies put in place to target certain under represented groups

  -Resources invested in inner city areas

  
  

  -use of scouts

  -Provide high quality facilities

  -high quality coaches

  -
• Talent development and support services

  UK sport, NGBs and national institutes working together to find and develop young people into elite performers
• Reasons for talent ID programmes

  -All players are screened

  -performers can be directed to sports best fitting their talents

  -Efficient use of available funding for Talent ID schemes

  -Chance of producing medallist is increased
• Disadvantages of Talent ID programmes

  May miss late developers.

  Require high levels of funding.

  Require large numbers to be tested to be of use.

  No guarentees of success.

  Many sports in competition for same talent pool, high profile sports may attract more performers or best performers.
• Key features of an effective Talent ID programme

  Testing facilities are high standard

  -Analysis of performers via a clear database

  - Links between organisation involved in talent ID ensure a co-ordinated approach

  -Equal opportunity for all to apply

  - talent spotting via high quality coaches
• World Class Performance Pathway

  Podium -

  support realistic medal capabilities at next Olympics. 4 years max.

  Podium potential -

  Supports the stage of pathway immediately beneath the podium. 4-8 years

  Talent-

  The identification and confirmation of athletes who have the potential to progress through the World Class Performance
• Gold event series


  Aim to bring sporting events to the UK by giving cities and NGBs the expertise and funding required to make a successful bid. Having these events serves to;

  give talented performers a platform to perform on,

  improve economic and social issues with the areas

  improve participation in specific sports.
• Amateurism


  a nineteenth century code or ideal of sporting ethics developed among the upper then middle class

  -Participation in sport for the love of it, receiving no financial gain

  -Relying on god given ability

  -Based on athleticism (physical endeavour with moral integrity)

  -Fair play/sportsmanship
• Olympic oath


  'In the name of all the competitors I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs in the true spirit of sportsmanship.
• Olympic Oath is still relevant


  -Olympics still viewed by large numbers of people with fair play and sportsmanship very evident
• Olympic oath not relevant

  -Lots of doping

  -Win at all costs attitude

  -Gamesmanship/negative deviance

  -E.g. hindes falling off bike on purpose
• Sportsmanship


  Playing by the written and unwritten rules to a high code of ethics, maintaining self control and fairness are also associated with sportsmanship

  -Shaking hands after game

  -Clapping a player off

  -Kicking ball out for injured player
• How can sportsmanship be encouraged?

  NGB campaigns promoting fair play

  Award for fair play and promote positive role models

  Tech to aid officials decisions

  Introduction of NGB rules to promote fair play

  Punish foul play and unsporting behaviours/Citing

  Use of rigorous drug testing
• Gamesmanship


  Stretching the rules to gain an unfair advantage without breaking any rules

  -time wasting

  -Sledging

  -using time out to break opponents concentration

  -Exaggerating appeals
• Win ethic


  Win at all costs

  -Coming second is not viewed as an option

  -No drawn games

  -Managers/coaches fired if unsuccessful

  -High amounts of deviance

  -Media praise for winners

  -Media negativity for losers
• Positive deviance


  Over conformity to societal norms

  -over training
• Negative deviance


  Under conformity to societal norms

  -doping

  -Deliberately fouling or harming an opponent

  -Accepting a bribe to lose

  -Diving
• Causes and implications of violence in sport in relation to the performer

  Causes

  -Win ethic and high rewards for success

  -Importance of the event

  -Nature of the sport

  -Punishments are too lenient

  -Excitement/over arousal

  -Refereeing decisions leading to frustration
• Strategies to prevent performer violence

  -Use of technology for referees

  -Citing players after match for any violence missed

  -Promoting player with good disciplinary records as positive role models e.g. fair play awards

  -More severe punishments

  -Introducing educational campaigns
• Causes of spectator violence

  1. Alcohol: People behave differently after drinking.

  2. Emotion: Frustration, mob culture or over arousal by the game.

  3. Policing: Lack of crowd control.

  4. Officials: Making bad decisions.

  5. Deterrents: Are not sever enough.

  6. Masculinity: Some males use is as a way of displaying their masculinity

  -Violence of pitch reflected in crowd

  -Mob mentality/lack of individuality
• solutions to spectator violence

  -Stricter punishments: remove season tickets

  -Control of alcohol: searches at gates, ban alcohol, early kick off times

  -Improve spectator facilities: all seated stadiums, separation of fans

  -Using CCTV to cite and ban spectators

  -Kick off times imposed by police

  -Increased us of police
• Social reasons for doping

  -Win at all costs attitude

  -Fame and fortune attached to success at elite level

  -High levels of pressure to win from external sources

  -Lack of effective deterrents

  -Poor role models
• Anabolic steroids


  Artificial hormones such as THG
• Benefits of anabolic steroids

  -Increased ability to store protein

  - increased muscle mass and strength

  - increased recovery

  - increased intensity and duration of training