The science concerned with the chemical basis of life
Chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo
A study of the compounds and processes associated with living organisms
The study of the chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical interactions of these substances with each other
"BIOS" - life
Any hindrances or blockage in biochemical events will manifest a disease.
CELL
Basic unit of life
Aggregation of cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system → Organism
Molecular Composition
Water (70-75%)
Organic Molecules/Biomolecules (essential to life)
Biomolecules
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Genetic material
Template for protein synthesis
Proteins
Cell molecules that carry out work (ex. enzyme)
Carbohydrates
Short term of energy as (glycogen is the main storage form of glucose)
Lipids
Numerous functions (ex. Membrane component of the long term storage of energy as fat)
Main way of the body to store excess nutrient
Inorganic Molecules
Trace Elements (ex. Na, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Anions (Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sulfate, Iodide, and Fluoride))
CELL
PROKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE
NO true Nucleus
NO membrane bound organelles
30s + 50s = 70s
EUKARYOTE
TRUE NUCLEUS
Mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus
40s + 60s = 80s
CELL
PROTOZOA
Plants, Animals, Fungi
CELL MEMBRANE
AKA "PLASMA MEMBRANE/ PLASMA LEMMA"
The outermost structure of the cell that decides its contour
SEMIPERMEABLE, allows only non-polar molecules to enter the cell
Components of Cell Membrane
Phospholipids
Glycoprotein and glycolipids
Cholesterol
Arachidonic acid
Phospholipids
Main component of lipid bilayer complex
1 hydrophobic head and 2 hydrophilic tail
Glycoprotein
Conjugate protein where the prosthetic group is a carbohydrate
Part of the integral membrane of the proteins
Play a vital role in cell-cell interaction and pathogenic response bu the host
Glycolipids
Lipids with carbohydrate attached to a glycosidic covalent bond
Maintain the stability of cell membrane and facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response
Cholesterol
Biosynthesize by all animal cells
Essential structural component of animal cell membrane
Yellowish crystalline solid
Precursor in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids, and Vitamin D
Fluidity and consistency of cell
Arachidonic acid
Polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid (20:4) with a double bond at 5, 8, 11, and 14 covalently bond to esterified form in the cell membrane of most of the body cells
Upon irritation and injury, the arachidonic acid releases and oxygenates by the enzyme system leading to the formation of important inflammatory mediator called EICOSANOIDS
A substrate for eicosanoid synthesis, from COX pathway to Prostaglandins and TX or thromboxanes; LOX pathway will form LTs or leukotrienes; and CYP 450 pathway form various epoxy, hydroxy, and dihydroxy derivatives
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes the structure of cell membrane
Indicates that the cell is not solid and it is flexible with similar consistency to a vegetable oil, so that all individual molecule are all floating in a fluid medium and capable of moving side-ways within the cell membrane
Organism
Plants
Bacteria
Fungi
Membrane/wall
Cellulose
Peptidoglycan
Chitin
Sterol present
Phytosterol and B-Sitosterol
Ergosterol
Cellulose a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundreds to many thousand link dextrose glucose units; important structural components of the primary cell wall of green plants
PHYTOSTEROL is similar to cholesterol and serve as structural component of biological membrane of plants
BETA-SITOSTEROL a white waxy powder with characteristic odor and component of food additive E499
PEPTIDOGLYCAN or murine; a polymer consisting of sugar and amino acid that forms a mesh-like-layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria forming the cell wall
CHITIN (C8H13O5N) a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine; an amide derivative of glucose
NUCLEUS
"CONTROL center of the cell"
Information center of eukaryotic cell. It is mainly concentrated in the form of CHROMOSOMES
Components of Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal assembly or ribosoma; RNA synthesis; a nuclear matrix
Contains enzymes involve in the synthesis of DNA and RNA
Dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Chromatin
A thread-like loose network; not present in cell division
Chromosomes
A rod-like coiled network; present in cell division
Found in the nucleus
Made up of DNA and proteins
XX (23 female chromosomes)
XY (23 male chromosomes)
TRISOMY 21 OR DOWN SYNDROME term for having an extra chromosomes
Y LINKED a condition if the mutated gene that causes the disorder is located at the Y chromosome; father to son disorder
HEMOPHILIA is the lack of clotting factor which produces excessive bleeding