science (bio)

• Ecology - is a branch of science, including human science, population, community, ecosystem and biosphere. Ecolod is the study of organisms, the environment and how the organisms interact with each other and their environmen It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population community, biosphere and ecosystem.
• what does biotic and abiotic factors include? the living and non- living factors and their interaction with the environment
• Biotic components - are living factors of an ecosystem. A fe examples of include bacteria, animal birds, fungi, plants, etc.
• Abiotic components - are non-living chemical and physical factors of an ecosystem. These components could be acquired from the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

  • A few examples sunlight, soil, air, moisture minerals and more.
• Photosynthesis - is a process by which phototrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, which is later used to fuel cellular activities. The chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars, which are created from water and carbon dioxide.
• Meiosis - is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells
• Mitosis - is the type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells each with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The digestive system of the human body - comprises a group of organs working together to convert food into energy for the body. Anatomically, the digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract, along with accessor organs such as the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) include the mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine and large intestine that contains the rectum ang anus..
• cell - is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes."
• The nucleus (major organelle) - holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.
• Mitochondria - a double membrane-bound organelle is mainly responsible for the energy transactions vital for the survival of the cell.
• Lysosomes - digest unwanted materials in the cell.
• Endoplasmic - reticulum plays a significant role in the internal organisation of the cell by synthesising selective molecules and processing, directing and sorting them to their appropriate locations
• Types of Cells - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Natural selection - is a key mechanism of evolution. It states that the organisms that are well-adapted to the environment have more chances of survival and are likely to pass on the traits that aided their survival.
• cytokinesis - refers to the division of a cell's cytoplasm
• mitosis and meiosis - refer to two different forms of nuclear division.
• Mitosis - is a continuous process of cell division which occurs in all types of living cells.
• • Mitosis involves four basic phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
• Mitosis - is the process where the division of cell occurs by asexual reproduction.
• mitosis - the nuclear membrane is broken down, spindle fibres (microtubules) attach to the chromatids at the centromere and pull apart the chromatids.
• cell - they are known as the building blocks of life
• cell - contains a fluid called the cytoplasm, which is enclosed by a membrane.
• Cells - provide structure and support to the body of an organism.
• cell - interior is organised into different individual organelles surrounded by a separate membrane.
• nucleus - (major organelle)holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth.
• Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm
• Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution. It states that the organisms that are well-adapted to the anelle environment have more chances of survival and are likely to pass on the traits that aided their survival
• Microbial fossils - are one of the earliest known fossils and it dates back to 3.4 billio years.
• Plant cells and animal cells - fall under the eukaryotic category.
• Animal Cell - We are aware of the fact that the cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. It is also the smallest and the most basic biological unit of living organisms.
• Cell Membrane - A thin semipermeable membrane layer of lipids and proteins surrounding the cell. Its primary role is to protect the cell from its surrounding. Also, it controls the entry and exit of nutrients and other microscopic entities into the cell. For this reason, cell membranes are known as semi- permeable or selectively permeable membranes.
• Nucleus - it is an organelle that contains several other sub organelles such as nucleolous, nucleosomes, and chromatines. it also contains DNA and ither genetic materials
• Nuclear Membrane -


  It is a double-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus. It is also referred to as the nuclear envelope.
• Centrosome

  It is a small organelle found near the nucleus, which has a thick centre with radiating tubules. The centrosomes are where microtubules are produced.
• Lysosome

  They are round organelles surrounded by a membrane and comprising digestive enzymes which help in digestion, excretion and in the cell renewal process.
• Cytoplasm

  A jelly-like material which contains all the cell organelles, enclosed within the cell membrane. The substance found within the cell nucleus, contained by the nuclear membrane is called the nucleoplasm.
• Golgi Apparatus

  A flat, smooth layered, sac-like organelle which is located near the nucleus and involved in manufacturing, storing, packing and transporting the particles throughout the cell.
• Mitochondrion

  They are spherical or rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. They are the powerhouse of a cell as they play an important role in releasing energy.
• Ribosome

  They are small organelles made up of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules, and they are the sites of protein synthesis