EMOTIONS

• motivation - movere which means to move
• motivation - what moves to people to do the things they do
• motivation - understanding what drives a person to work towards a goal or outcome, set of forces that causes people to behave in certain ways
• motivation (APA) - force that gives direction and purpose to individual's behavior regardless of their awareness
• motivation (baron) - internal process that activate, guide and maintain behavior
• nature of motivation:

  • never ending process
  • psychological concept
  • goal-oriented behavior
  • circular process
  • positive or negative
• positive motivation - use of incentives
• negative motivation - penalties
• needs - general wants or desires and basis of behavior
• biological needs - survival of the individual, air, water and food
• psycho-social - thru social learning and contact with others
• drive - aroused state resulting from some bodily or tissue need
• 2 categories of drives:

  • biological/primary
  • socio-psychological/secondary
• incentives - reinforcing agent that adds force to a drive, incites, arouse or encourages a person
• motives - desired goal that prompts behavior, whic moves
• motives - expression of a person's needs, personal and internal, energetic force to compel or inspire him to act to satisfy basic needs
• 2 types of motivation

  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
• extrinsic - coming from the outside
• intrinsic - driven by interest or enjoyment in the task itself
• psychological level - understand why people act in particular ways and seek to draw general conclusions from individual cases
• philosophical level - examining philosophical point of view by the theorist
• content theories of motivation

  • maslow's hierarchy of needs
  • alderfer's ERG theory
  • mcclelland's achievement motivation theory
  • herzberg's two-factor theory
  • reinforcement theory of motivation
• hierarchy of needs - assumes that a person attempts to satisfy the more basic needs before directing behavior toward satisfying upper-level needs
• basic needs

  • physiological needs
  • safety needs
• psychological needs

  • belongingness and love
  • esteem
• self-fulfillment needs

  • self-actualization
• alderfer's erg theory - when lower needs are satisfied, they occupy less of our attention, but the higher needs tend to become more important, the more we pursue them
• frustration-regression process - when our higher needs are thwarted, we may regress to lower needs
• mcclelland's achievement motivation theory - needs are developed and learned
• mcclelland's motivational needs

  • need for power
  • need for affiliation
  • need for achievement
• herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory - motivating factors influence job satisfaction because they are based on individual's need for personal growth
• reinforcement theory of motivation - individual's behavior is a function of its consequences, overlooks the internal state of individual, focuses on what happens to the individual when he takes some action
• hunger motivation - drive that living beings have to eat as a means of satisfying hunger
• biological influences on hunger - begin with mouth, then digestive tract
• psychological influences on hunger - hunger drive is more complex
• short term regulation - distension of the stomach and intestines
• long term regulation - correct short term errors
• obesity - excessive accumulation of body fat
• losing weight - conflict between motive to enjoy eating and motive to feel good about losing weight
• anorexia nervosa - refuses to eat enough to maintain stable weight, intense fears gaining weight, loss of appetite