Urban issues and challenges

• define urbanisation

  an increasing percentage of people living in towns and cities
• define natural increase

  when the birth rate is higher than the death rate causing population growth
• what type of economy is natural increase most common in?

  NEE
• define social deprivation

  the extent an individual or an area lacks services e.g. decent housing, adequate income and employment.
• define urban greening

  process of increasing and preserving open space in urban areas
• define urban sprawl

  unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding rural areas
• define brownfield site

  land that has already been used, abandoned, and awaits reuse; they are often found in urban areas.
• define greenfield sites

  a plot of land, often in rural areas or on the edges of urban areas that has not been built on before.
• what is a commuter settlement?

  a place where people live but travel elsewhere for work.
• what are some problems with congestion?

  • ENVIRONMENTAL - increase in air pollution
  • ECONOMIC - Late for work
  • SOCIAL - Increase in car accidents, stress, asthma. (In Bistol, 200 people die a year as a result of air pollution)
• Strategies used to reduce traffic congestion

  • Beryl bikes
  • Oyster cards
  • Park and ride
  • Congestion charges
  • Car sharing lanes (lanes you can drive into only if you have two or more people in your car)