Geography paper 2 case studies

• Answer q 1,2,3,6


  DO NOT DO Q 4 and 5
• Urban growth opportunities and challenges- Lagos 


  600,000 people move there each year

  • 94.3% children receive primary education
  • water treatment plan clean river water- 10% pop benefit from it
  • gangs eg ‘area boys’ dem man protection money
  • 29% young men are unemployed
  • 2010 nissan set up assembly factory that employs 2,500 people
• urban growth opportunities and challenge- Lagos


  Makoko- built on stilts hike to around 1 million but no one really knows

  • eko atlantic- thousands of construction jobs, expensive homes
  • 1 in 10 have clean piped water in their house- cholera spreads
  • only 40% of waste is collected
  • rapid bus transit- 200,000 use it a day- is it enough for everyone
• Urban planning- makoko floating school

  Cost $6,500 of recyclable materials and funded by charities so locals don’t have money to replace on own

  • 250 barrels collect rain water
  • schook for 100 students
  • lower floor has area to repair fishing nets- economy
  • too local- never enough to meet demand
  • storm in 2016 (4 years after built destroyed it)
  • floated so rised with sea levels
• Major uk city importance- London


  London importance

  • banking
  • hoof parliament
  • great ormonds street hospital
• Urban change- shoreditch 


  Brick lane in Shoreditch has a large Bangladeshi community- food music

  • regenerated in past 30 years
  • silicon roundabout- microsoft, Apple there
• Sectors


  in industry

  • primary sector- extracts raw materials eg farming
  • secondary sector- manufacturing the raw materials eg car manufacturers
  • tertiary- providing a service (activities done by people for customers) eg hairdressers
  • quaternary sector- industries providing information services eg ict
  • tertiary and quaternary together employ 76% of uk workforce
• Major uk city opportunities and challenges- London 


  Better transport connections to places eg cambridge so don’t have to live in city to work in city

  • london docklands employs 8,500
  • borris bikes- 75,000 used a day with over 750 docking stations
  • it has 47% green space (one of worlds greenest cities)
• Major uk city challenges and opportunities- London 


  Greenfield building increased urbanisation meaning urban sprawl (countryside changing to urban)

  • 100,000 homes needed each year but only 20,000 were actually built
  • newham:
  • life expectancy 75 vs 83 in Kensington
  • more than 20% of families are on benefits
  • gcse grades are 22% lower than kensington
• Urban regeneration- london queen elizabeth olympic park

  4 million tourists visited the year after the olympics

  • 100 hectares of open green space

  East village:

  • 28,000 homes half of which were affordable but house prices increased so locals forced out
  • new school for 1,800 students
  • 12,000 new permanent jobs since 35 new business (cafes and restaurant)
• Structure


  Ao1- point and evidence

  Ao2- explain, this means that

  Ao3- significance
• Growth of tourism helping to reduce development gap- Tunisia 


  2015- tourist attack so less money for a while

  • 6.2 million tourists in 2013
  • tourism accounted for 370,000 jobs in 2009
  • literacy rates went from 66% in 1995 to 79% now since schooling is compulsory for boys and girls since families can afford it
  • gdp in 1962 was $0.9 billion and in 2014 it was $47.6 billion
• Importance of nee- Nigeria

  Boko haram terrorists so money put towards that

  • dangote cells cement to Western African countries
  • worlds 21st largest economy

  culture:

  • nollywood worth $5.3 billion so is a major source of income
• Effects of economic development+ aid on nee- Nigeria

  Health aid- 10 million mosquito nets given out

  education aid- 481,000 addition children in education

  quality of life as result of economic development:

  • safe water went from 46% to 64% in 2013
  • in 2011 they had one of the highest HDI improvements in the world over the last decade
• How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development nee- Nigeria 


  Dangote cement:

  • employs 30,000 people
  • cement for urban development eg Eko Atlantic
  • one of nigerias largest businesses
  • worth over $25 million a year
• Transnational corporations in relation to industrial development- Nigeria


  Shell:

  good-

  • shell employs 6,000 people
  • shell offer 10 uk scholarships
  • microfinance- 9 schools science equipment, 490 successful projects since 2010

  bad-

  • 1010 oil spills since 2011 and 17.5 million litres of oil lost
  • oil in local rivers kills fish
  • illegal refineries
  • relaxed environmental laws means tncs create lots of pollution
  • conditions in factories are harsh and jobs are often poorly paid
• Business and science parks in uk

  Cobalt park:

  • largest business park in the uk
  • british airway offices based there

  cambridge science par:

  • 100+ businesses
  • employs 200 PHD specialists
• Uk transport infrastructure in the uk

  HS2:

  • gets £40 billion in extra business
  • reduce n/s divide since businesses can have London address but rent cheaper up north
  • plan scraped
  • people could just use to get to london

  south west superhighway:

  • London to Cornwall
  • wider roads= more cars= less traffic
  • hundreds of construction jobs
• transport infrastructure in uk


  Liverpool 2:

  • employs 12,000
  • port
  • reduces need for Lorries
  • growing population since 32 million travel through uk ports each year

  london heathrow new runway:

  • 750,000 flights from uk each year
  • better airport so more toursim
  • employs 76,000
• Uk import how much % of food

  40%
• modern industrial development being more economically sustainable- uk cars

  Nissan Sunderland employs 7,000

  • makes up 3% of uk gdp
  • more than 1.5 million cars made in the uk each year
  • over 160 countries importing uk built vehicles
  • Volkswage- disel electric hybrid- battery is small and plug in so can go 20-30 miles on a single charge
• Energy security and extraction of fossil fuels in uk- fracking

  Good:

  • offers potential for up to 24,000 uk jobs
  • in 2017 2/3 of uk domestic energy demands were met by natural gas
  • up to 60% CO2/SO2 than coal

  bad:

  • 4 million litres clean water used per fracking station
  • methane= 25x stronger than CO2
  • 2018 in Blackpool earthquake 0.5 magnitude
• Renewable energy scheme/ energy production- Chambamontera 


  Hydroelectricity whereas used disel generators before

  • hydroelectric dam
  • supplies electricity to 60+ households
  • villagers used to rely on subsistence farming and earnt less than $2 a day before dam
  • villagers built it so know how to fix
  • cost $51,000 to build
  • produces 20k/watts energy
  • schools=computers=better learning
  • hospitals= fridges= store medicine=treat more
  • env sustainable since little greenhouse gas emissions
  • wide spread since teach to other villages
• energy mix


  reliable combination of different energy sources to meet country’s total energy consumption
• Energy security 


  Access to reliable and affordable sources of energy
• Fair trade


  Trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries in which fair prices are paid
• Organic 


  No chemicals used
• agribusiness 


  Maximising yield of crops via things such as machines
• uk economic structure changed

  Initial focus on primary industry

  started running out of raw materials

  secondary industries declined

  more tertiary and quaternary jobs
• Tnc adv and disadvantage

  Advantage:

  • created jobs so more wages
  • training programs
  • infrastructure improved so attracts other investment

  disadvantage:

  • relaxed environmental laws- lots of pollution
  • factory conditions harsh and jobs poorly paid
  • economic leakage- money goes to big companies
• Reducing development gap

  Foreign investment (created jobs and income)

  • tourism
  • foreign aid- countries invest in development but can lead to dependency
  • intermediate tech- small scale products to improve qol eg water pumps
  • debt relief- cancel lic debt
• Fairtrade improves lives


  fair pay for products then multiplier effect buy machines so more money
• Causes of development gap

  Physical

  • climate
  • draught- hard to grow crops
  • landlock- hard to trade
  • natural disasters
  • pests and diseases

  human:

  • history so if colonised then less raw materials
  • debt
  • corrupt government
  • conflict
• Squatter settlements


  Low quality housing occupied by poor

  • poorly made
  • lack of proper waste disposal so disease spread
• Hdi 


  Human development index

  • has to be less than one
  • measure of gross national income, literacy rates and birth/ death rates, length of schooling in years
  • range
• Gdp


  total value of all goods and services produced in a country
• Gni


  Gross national income

  • total income earned by country
  • gni per capita= gni divided by population
• outer Hebrides


  hebrides

  • experiencing population decline since young people moving out for active life on main land
  • isles on west coast of Scotland
  • 33 shops so people self sufficient

  south cambs= increasing population, population of 150,000, increasing because of pull factors to area

  impacts of declining population:

  social- bus services cut, elderly population left behind so leave family business

  economics- job losses so services closed, staff stretched and prices increase since less businesses