Non-communicable disease

• Coronary heart disease (CHD)


  Occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed by the build-up of layers of fatty material within them. This reduces the flow of blood, resulting in less oxygen for the heart muscle, which can lead to heart attacks.
• Health


  • The state of physical and mental well-being
• Factors that can affect health


  • Communicable and non-communicable diseases
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Exercise
  • Life situations
• Defects in the immune system

  Make an individual more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
• Viral infection


  Can trigger cancers
• Immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen


  Can trigger allergies for example skin rashes and asthma
• Severe physical ill health

  Can lead to depression and other mental illnesses
• Risk


  A risk factor is something that increases the chance of developing a disease or health condition
• Risk factors


  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Carcinogens
  • Radiation
• Cancer


  Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Rapid division of cells that can spread to neighbouring tissues and organs, evading the body's immune system.
• Benign tumours


  • Do not spread to other parts of the body
• Malignant tumours


  • Spread to other parts of the body
• Treating cardiovascular diseases


  1. Stent

  2. Statins

  3. Replace faulty heart valves

  4. Transplants
• Stent


  Inserted into blocked coronary arteries to keep them open
• Statins


  Drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing down the deposit of fatty material in the arteries
• Replace faulty heart valves

  Heart valves that leak or do not open fully, preventing control of blood flow to the heart, can be replaced with biological or mechanical valves
• Transplants


  If the heart fails a donor heart, or heart and lungs, can be transplanted. Artificial hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest during recovery.
• Advantages of treatments


  • Widens the artery- allows more blood to flow, so more oxygen is supplied to the heart
  • Less serious surgery.
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  • Effective
  • No need for surgery
  • Can prevent CHD from developing.
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  • Allows control of blood flow to the heart
  • Long-term cure for faulty heart valves.
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  • Long-term cure for the most serious heart conditions.
  • treats problems that cannot be treated in other ways
• Disadvantages of treatments


  • Can involve major surgery-risk of infection, blood loss, blood clots and damage to blood vessels
  • Risks from anaesthetic used during surgery.
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  • Possible side effects such as muscle pain, headaches, and sickness
  • Cannot cure CHD, so patient will have to take tablets for many years.
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  • Can involve major surgery-risk of infection and blood loss
  • Transplant may be rejected if there is not a match between donor and patient
  • Lengthy process
  • Treats problems that cannot be major surgery-risk of infection and blood loss
  • Risks from anaesthetic used during surgery.
• Risk factor


  Any aspect of your lifestyle or substance in your body that can increase the risk of a disease developing
• Risk factor


  Disease
• Risk factors


  • diet (obesity) and amount of exercise
  • alcohol
  • smoking
• Risk factors


  Cause specific diseases or interact to cause other diseases
• Effects of risk factors

  • body does not respond properly to the production of insulin, so blood glucose levels cannot be controlled
  • increased blood cholesterol can lead to CHD
  • long-term alcohol use causes liver cirrhosis (scarring), meaning the liver cannot remove toxins from the body or produce sufficient bile
  • damages the brain and can cause anxiety and depression
  • alcohol can pass through the placenta, risking miscarriages, premature births, and birth defects
  • cigarettes contain carcinogens which can cause lung disease and cancers
  • chemicals can pass through the placenta, risking premature births and birth defects
  • carcinogens, such as ionising radiation, and genetic risk can cause cancers
• Treatment of non-communicable diseases is linked to many risk factors
• Coronary heart disease


  A layer of fatty material that builds up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them - results in a lack of oxygen for the heart
• Stent


  A device inserted into a blocked artery to keep it open, allowing more blood and oxygen to the heart
• Statins


  Drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels, slowing the rate of fatty material deposit
• Faulty heart valve


  A valve that doesn't open properly or leaks
• Treating a faulty heart valve

  Replace with a biological or mechanical valve
• Heart transplants take place in cases of heart failure
• Artificial hearts


  Used to keep patients alive while waiting for a transplant, and to allow the heart to rest for recovery
• Health


  State of physical and mental well-being
• Factors that can affect health

  • Disease
  • Diet
  • Stress
  • Exercise
  • Life situations
• Risk factor


  An aspect of lifestyle or substance in the body that can increase the risk of a disease developing
• Five risk factors


  • Diet
  • Smoking
  • Exercise
  • Alcohol
  • Carcinogens
• Cancer


  A result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and cell division by mitosis
• Malignant tumours


  Cancerous tumours that can spread to neighbouring tissues and other parts of the body in the blood, forming secondary tumours
• Benign tumours


  Non-cancerous tumours that do not spread in the body
• Two types of risk factor that affect the development of cancers

  • Lifestyle
  • Genetic