Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
AMS associated with shallow or slow breathing
Anxiety/restlessness (adult); sleepiness/listlessness (pediatric)
Respiratory rate is too fast or slow
Irregular breathing rhythm
Skin is pale/cool/clammy/cyanotic
Adventitious breath sounds: wheezing/gurgling/snoring/crowing/stridor
Decreased or noisy breath sounds heard on one or both sides of the chest
Cannot speak more than a few words between breaths (not being able to speak at all is a respiratory emergency)
Use of accessory muscles/retractions/labored breathing
Unequal or inadequate chest expansion
Excessive coughing
Sitting in tripod position
Pursed lip breathing or nasal flaring
