APPENDICULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM

• The appendicular system consists of 126 bones
• Bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle

  • Clavicles (collarbone)
  • Scapulae (shoulder blades)
• Bones of the upper limbs

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
• Bones of the pelvic (hip) girdle

  • Hip bones (coxal bone)
• Bones of the lower limbs

  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Clavicle


  • Medial end or sternal end
  • Lateral or acromial end
  • Shaft
• Scapula


  • Suprascapular notch
  • Superior angle
  • Inferior angle
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Supraglenoid tubercle & Infraglenoid tubercle
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Coracoid process
  • Acromion or acromial process
  • Spine of the scapula
• Parts of the humerus

  • Head
  • Anatomical neck
  • Greater tubercle
  • Lesser tubercle
  • Intertubercular groove
  • Surgical neck
  • Deltoid tuberosity
  • Medial epicondyle
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Lateral supracondylar ridge
• Articulation areas on the distal humerus

  • Trochlea
  • Capitulum
  • Radial fossa
  • Coronoid fossa
  • Olecranon fossa
  • Medial epicondyle & lateral epicondyle
• Parts of the radius

  • Head
  • Neck
  • Radial Tuberosity
  • Shaft
  • Styloid process
  • Ulnar notch
• Parts of the ulna

  • Olecranon
  • Coronoid process
  • Trochlear notch
  • Radial notch
  • Ulnar tuberosity
  • Head
  • Styloid process
• Carpals


  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Trapezium
  • Trapezoid
  • Capitate
  • Hamate
• Metacarpals


  • Base
  • Shaft
  • Head
• Phalanges


  • Base
  • Shaft
  • Head
• Parts of the femur

  • Shaft
  • Head
  • Greater trochanter & lesser trochanter
  • Medial epicondyle & lateral epicondyle
• Patella


  • Base
  • Apex
• Parts of the tibia

  • Medial malleolus
  • Lateral malleolus
  • Medial condyle
  • Lateral condyle
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Body
• Tarsals


  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Cuneiform bones
• Arches of the foot

  • Transverse arch
  • Medial part of longitudinal arch
  • Lateral part of longitudinal arch
• Parts of the hip bones

  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
• Comparison of female and male pelvis

  • General structure
  • False (greater) pelvis
  • Pelvic brim (inlet)
  • Acetabulum
  • Obturator foramen
  • Pubic arch
• The bones of the appendicular skeleton

  • Contribute to homeostasis by providing attachment points and leverage for muscles, which aids body movements
  • Provide support and protection of internal organs, such as the reproductive organs
  • Store and release calcium

  
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle


  The bones that contribute to the shoulder region
• Clavicle


  • The only long bone that lies in a horizontal position in the body
  • Serves as a strut that extends laterally to support the scapula
  • Transmits forces acting on the upper limb to the sternum and axial skeleton
  • The most commonly fractured bone in the body
  • Has three regions: the medial end, the lateral end, and the shaft
• Medial end (clavicle)


  Has a triangular shape and articulates with the manubrium portion of the sternum, forming the sternoclavicular joint

  
• Lateral or acromial end (clavicle)


  • Articulates with the acromion of the scapula
  • The conoid tubercle on the inferior surface is a point of attachment for the conoid ligament, which attaches the clavicle and scapula
• Scapula


  • Surrounded by muscles on both its anterior (deep) and posterior (superficial) sides, and thus does not articulate with the ribs of the thoracic cage
  • Located on the posterior side of the shoulder
  • Has three margins or borders: the superior, medial, and lateral borders

  
• Depressions of the scapula

  • Supraspinous fossa
  • Infraspinous fossa
  • Subscapular fossa
• Projections of the scapula

  • Coracoid process
  • Acromion or acromial process
• Humerus


  • The single bone of the upper arm region
  • Articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint
• Head of the humerus

  • The large, round, smooth region that faces medially
• Anatomical neck of the humerus


  • The margin of the smooth area of the head
• Greater tubercle


  • Located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus, an expanded bony area
• Lesser tubercle


  • Found on the anterior aspect of the humerus
• Intertubercular groove (sulcus) or bicipital groove


  Passing between the greater and lesser tubercles, provides passage for a tendon of the biceps brachii muscle
• Surgical neck


  • Located at the base of the expanded, proximal end of the humerus and joins the narrow shaft of the humerus, a common site of arm fractures
• Deltoid tuberosity


  • A roughened, V-shaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft, site of attachment for the deltoid muscle
• Medial epicondyle of the humerus

  • A prominent bony projection on the medial side distally, the powerful grasping muscles of the anterior forearm arise
• Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

  • Found on the lateral side of the distal humerus
• Lateral supracondylar ridge


  • The roughened ridge of bone above the lateral epicondyle