motivation week 10 and 11

• motivation

  factors that influence the initiation direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour
• sources of motivation:

  • physiological factors
  • cognitive factors
  • social factors
  • emotional factors
• instinct theory

  • unlearned
  • uniformed in expression
  • universal in a species
• arousal and performance - yerkesdodson

  • simple task = peformance increase if arousal increase
  • difficult task = max peformance in the middle arousal
• drive reduction theory

  • homeostasis
  • drives can lead to behaviours that increase or decrease arousal levels
  • stimulated by deprivation based needs
  • need -> drive -> drive reducing behaviour
• primary drive

  • fulfilment of biological drive
  • feeling hungry, thirsty, sexually deprived
• secondary drive

  • fulfilment of learned drive
  • money
• motivation of behaviours = incentives and rewards
• incentive

  • positive or negative environmental stimulus that can motivate behaviour
  • activation of drive states by external sources such as rewards
• wanting

  being attracted to an incentive
• liking

  evaluation of how pleasurable a stimulus is however wanting is more powerful
• males

  • time, energy and risk in reproduction low -> reproductive successes maximised by more partners with high potential, greater number of partners, look for youth and attractiveness
• females

  • time, energy and risk in reproduction high, willing to invest resources in offspring, fewer partners, look for income and status in partners
• biological contribution: dawkins

  selfish gene - gene drive behaviour as a means of ensuring their longevity across generations
• facial attractiveness - jones

  • symmetry = good genes, higher rate of attractiveness
• biological contribution - sexual orientation
• relatedness

  • attachment motivation - need to have closeness to another individual
  • intimacy - disclosure and mutual caring, often experienced in adult relationships, different affiliation which encompasses broader social networks, individual differences in preferences for either
• eating behaviours

  • hunger from signals from stomach
  • homeostasis
  • eating when blood glucose is low
• limitations of hunger

  • binge eating
  • eating disorders
  • external factors such as learned meal times and behaviours, social aspects of eating
• achievement motivation

  • intrinsic: self sense of internalised satisfaction, no apparent reward, flow
  • extrinsic: external rewards, associated with more pressure
• motivation can be

  • multidimensional - more than one reason for the same behaviour
  • change over time
• can rewards influence intrinsic motivation -deci

  • soma puzzles
  • no real influence of external rewards on intrinsic motivation
  • verbal rewards actually improve ratings of intrinsic motivation
• self-determination theory

  competence, relatedness, autonomy (self regulated)
• high need for achievement

  • requires planning, responsibility for outcome, clear performance feedback, moderate difficulty
• low nach

  • choose tasks that are easy and not overwhelming
• work and nach

  need for achievement is related to choice of career

  performance at work is positively linked to nach
• maslows hierarchy of needs

  • belongingness and love: networking
  • esteem: success and hobbies
  • self actualisation: continue to improve yourself
• limitation of maslows model

  • doesnt explain how individuals can forego lower order needs to focus on higher needs
  • physiological and safety caries based on culture
• approach approach

  presented with two potentially rewarding behavioural paths, but tasked to try figure out which of these two is the most rewarding to approach first
• approach-avoidance

  rewarding and avoided elements of the behavioural choice which will be relevant at different times of engaging in the activity eg. deciding to accept a dream job that pays less, or taking a long vacation while falling behind at wor
• avoidance avoidance

  two stiuations which youre keen to not experience eg. lower salary at work or unemployment.
• multiple appraoch avoidance

  have alot of time -> based on which activities you belive to be most rewarding and least avoidant eg job offer