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• Kingdom Protista


  Protists are neither (or both) animals or plants, hence, they are polyphyletic (having different common ancestors)
• Division of Protist

  • Phytoplankton Algae
  • Protozoa
  • Slime Moulds
• Phytoplankton


  Plant like protist
• Protozoa


  Animal like protist
• Slime Moulds


  Fungi like protist
• Euglena viridis


  • Phytoplankton algae, since it has chloroplast
  • Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
  • The Red Dot is the "eyespot"
  • Tail: flagella
  • Green pigment: chloroplasts
• Entamoeba histolytica


  • Amoebiasis causing protist (intestinal or bowel illness), can also cause diarrhea and weight loss
  • Can infect humans and other primates
  • Has infected 35-50 million humans worldwide. It is infecting >55 thousand individuals each year
  • A parasite that is spread via human feces
• Noctiluca scintillans (sea sparkle)

  • A type of dinoflagellate
  • Found in river mouths after heavy rainfalls and most abundant during winter season
  • Heterotrophs
  • Other Noctiluca are toxic for fish and marine invertebrates, but this species is not
• Physarum polycephalum


  • A type of slime mould (nontoxic) and they help in replenishing soil nutrients they can grow anywhere
  • They absorb nutrients (saprophyte)
• They lack eyes, ears, and brains; but they are smart
• Characters of Protista


  • They are eukaryotic (higher protist); either solitary or within a colony - no differentiation
  • Mostly composed of planktons (phytoplanktons or zooplanktons)
  • They can be photosynthetic, ingestive, nutrient absorbtive, or even possess the ability to ingest via phagocytosis
  • They have complex organelles like: mitochondria, golgi body, lysosomes, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, and etc.
  • They have plasma membrane and certain organelles are bounded by internal membrane
  • They have true nucleus, and DNA associated by histones
  • They contain 11 flagella that is made up of tubulin in 9+2 arrangement
  • They can reproduce asexually, but some can do plasmogamy, karyogamy, syngamy and meiosis
• Division of Protists based on their Mode of Nutrition

  • Photosynthetic
  • Protozoans
  • Saprotrophic
• Photosynthetic Protista


  • Chrysophyta - Golden Algae
  • Pyrrophyta - Fire algae
  • Euglenophyta - Euglenoids
• Dinobryon divergens


  • A type of golden algae that is toxic to fish, Causes minor fish kill
• Prymnesium parvum


  • A type of golden algae that is toxic to fish, Causes major fish kill
• Triceratium spp.


  • A type of diatoms, Triangular, hexagonal or starlike; the cell wall is made up of silica (glass) and they can produce oxygen - Indestructible, has large pores
• Gonyaulax spinifera


  • Causes red tide when they are too many. They are toxic and produce saxitoxin. It causes paralysis
• Noctiluca scintillans


  • Dinoflagellates, Nontoxic
• Zooxanthellae sp.


  • Symbiotic dinoflagellates to coral reefs (they produce oxygen and help the coral to remove waste, they also supply glucose, glycerol, and amino acid) 90% of the organic materials produced by Zooxanthellae is transferred to the coral
• Euglenophyta


  Euglenoids, Freshwater, Both animal and plant like (they lean towards being a plant), Link between animals and plants - Pellicle membrane
• Euglena sp.


  • A phytoplankton
• Heterotrophic Protista


  Animal like - Consumes food
• Zooflagellata


  Flagellated, Endoparasitic (parasite living inside the host), Pathogenic, Binary fission
• Trypanosoma gambiense


  • Tsetse fly parasite, It infects human blood, then the lymph, and CSF, Causes sleeping sickness (symptoms: disturbed sleeping patterns), Found in sub saharan africa
• Ciliata


  Ciliated, Paramecium-free living (don't cause harm), Balantidium-parasitic (causes illness)
• Paramecium caudatum


  • Slipper animalcule - Don't cause harm
• Balantidium coli


  • Intestinal protozoan parasite, Transferred via fecal matter, Slipper animalcule
• Sarcodina


  Has psuedopods, Nonmotile, Varied nucleation, Form spore, Engulf food
• Amoeba proteus


  • Large amoeba - Uses pseudopods
• Plasmodium falciparum


  • Causes malaria (fatal disease, transferred via mosquito), Deadliest species of Plasmodium
• Pelomyxa palustris


  • Giant amoeba (5mm)
• Saprotrophic Protista


  Slime moulds - Good organism, Produces nutrients for the soil, Decomposers and saprotrophic, Form colonies, Uninucleated, No cell wall
• Aulacantha scolymantha


  • Family aulacanthadae, Lives in water or air, Has >1600 chromosomes
• Physarum polycephalum


  • They move and grow fast, This slime mold replicated the Tokyo Metro System in just a day
• Entamoeba histolytica slime moulds can make decisions by finding the shortest path between 2 points in a labyrinth
• The slime mold experiment is done so to find better network design using biological principle
• Kingdom Fungi Phylums


  • Chytridiomycota
  • Blastocladiomycota
  • Zygomycota
  • Glomeromycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
  • Deuteromycota
• Chytridiomycota


  The first to be discovered, The oldest known fossils of Chytrids is found in Northern Russia, They are aquatic, hence their gametes are also flagellated, Paraphyletic, Has chitin, Has a sub group called "Hyphochytrids", it has cellulose together with of chitin
• Blastocladiomycota


  The order "blastocladiales" is within Chytridiomycota until they were found to be monophyletic, Has motile spores/gametes, Live in water and soil, They can be pathogenic for invertebrates and plants
• Zygomycota


  Has zygospores with suspensors, Called as red molds, Terrestrial, They asexually reproduce, Suspenders are filamentous