mix science

• Stars are classified based on their spectral type (temperature) and luminosity class (brightness).
• What is the study of astronomy?


  The study of the universe and the objects within it, such as stars, planets, and galaxies.
• What is the universe?


  All of existence, including everything from the smallest subatomic particles to the vast expanse of space.
• What is the solar system?


  A group of celestial objects that orbit around the Sun, including the eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets.
• What is a black hole?


  A region in space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, including light, can escape once it crosses the event horizon.
• What is the life cycle of a star?

  The sequence of stages a star goes through from its formation until its death, including protostar, main sequence, red giant, white dwarf, and supernova.
• What is gravitational attraction?


  The force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other, causing objects to fall towards the ground and holding planets in orbit around their stars.
• What is a galaxy?

  A massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, stellar associations, and various forms of interstellar medium, such as gas and dust.
• What are dark matter and dark energy?

  Dark matter: a type of matter that does not emit or reflect light, making it invisible to our telescopes. Dark energy: a mysterious force thought to be responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe.
• What is a planetary orbit?

  The elliptical path that planets follow around their stars, influenced by the presence of other celestial bodies.
• What is luminosity?


  The amount of energy emitted by a celestial object per unit time, often used to describe the brightness of distant stars and galaxies.
• What is spectroscopy?


  The study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, used to analyze the composition and temperature of celestial objects.
• What is gravity?


  The force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other.
• Chemistry


  The science that studies the properties, composition and structures of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Branches of Chemistry


  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
• Organic Chemistry


  Deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Inorganic Chemistry


  Study of all elements and compounds that aren't organic compounds
• Analytical Chemistry


  Study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and compounds
• Biochemistry


  Study of chemical reactions that happen within the biological processes
• Properties of Matter


  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Intrinsic/Intensive Properties
  • Extrinsic/Extensive Properties
• Physical Properties


  Those that a substance shows by itself, without changing or interacting with another substance, e.g. color, melting point, and density
• Chemical Properties


  Those that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another substance, e.g. flammability, corrosiveness
• Intrinsic/Intensive Properties


  Independent of the amount of material, e.g. solubility, boiling point, density
• Extrinsic/Extensive Properties


  Dependent on the amount of material, e.g. mass, weight, volume
• Changes in Matter


  • Physical change
  • Chemical Change
• Physical change


  Occurs when a substance alters its physical form, NOT its composition (melting, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, freezing, deposition)
• Chemical Change


  Occurs when a substance is converted into a different substance (chemical reactions such as burning and oxidation)
• States of Matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  Has a fixed shape with particles close together and organized
• Liquid


  Conforms to the container's shape but fills the container only to the extent of the liquid's volume with particles which are close together but disorganized
• Gas


  Conforms to container shape but fills the entire container and with particles far apart and disorganized
• Substances


  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Elements


  Substances made up of only one kind of atom
• Types of Elements


  • Metals (electric conductors)
  • Nonmetals (non-conductors)
  • Metalloids (semi-conductors)
• Isotopes


  Elements with the same atomic number, different mass e.g. Carbon 12 and Carbon 14
• Types of Elements in the Periodic Table

  • Noble Gases
  • Representative Elements
  • d-Transition Elements
  • f-transition metals
• Noble Gases


  All of them have completely filled electron shells. Since they have similar electronic structures, their chemical reactions are similar as well
• Representative Elements


  Elements in the A groups on the periodic chart. These elements will have their "last" electron in an outer s or p orbital. These elements have fairly regular variations in their properties.
• 1. Transition Elements


  Elements on periodic chart in B groups, sometimes called transition metals. These elements make the transition from metals to non-metals. Exhibit smaller variations from row-to-row than the representative elements.
• 1. transition metals


  Sometimes called inner transition metals. Electrons are being added to f orbitals. Electrons are being added two shells below the valence shell