Systematic

• Kingdoms


  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Microbes
  • Protista
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Fungi
• Kingdom system


  • 2 system
  • 3 system
  • 4 system
  • 5 system
• Kingdom system


  • Morphological complexity
  • Specialization
  • Nutrition
• Electron Microscopy


  First Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) developed by Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska in 1931
• Prokaryotes are relatively small (1-10 um), have cell wall (peptidoglycan), no nuclear membrane, no nucleolus, DNA is in plasmids and formed in a single loop, DNA is not bound to histone proteins, no true membrane bound organelles, 70S type ribosomes, unicells or a short chain of similar cells
• Eukaryotes are larger (10k-100k um), have cell wall in plants (cellulose) and fungi (chitin), have nuclear membrane, nucleolus, linear DNA coiled into chromosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, DNA packaged in histones, membrane bound organelles, 80S type ribosomes, mostly multicellular
• Herbert Copeland


  Established Kingdom Monera
• Edwin Copeland


  Founder of UPLB College of Agriculture
• 5 Kingdom system


  • Monera
  • Protoctista
  • Metaphyta (Plantae)
  • Metazoa (Animalia)
  • Fungi
• Robert Whittaker


  Established Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdoms


  • MONERA
  • ARCHAEA
  • BACTERIA
• Archaebacteria


  Most primitive bacteria
• Archaebacteria

  • Extremophiles
  • Autotrophic
  • Most have proteinaceous cell walls
• Types of Archaebacteria based on environment

  • Halophiles
  • Thermophiles
  • Thermoacidophiles
  • Methanogens
• Archaeal phyla


  • Crenarchaeota
  • Euryarchaeota
• Crenarchaeota


  • Hyperthermophilic
  • Halophilic
  • Cryophilic
• Euryarchaeota


  • Methanogens
  • Halobacteria
  • Thermophilic
• Methanobrevibacter smithii is an intestinal archaebacterium
• Eubacteria


  "True" bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls, can be gram negative or gram positive
• Eubacteria


  • Streptococcus pyogenes (pharyngitis)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)
  • Staphylococcus aureus (skin disease)
  • Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
  • Salmonella enterica (typhoid)
  • Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
  • Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
  • Helicobacter pylori (ulcers)
  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
  • Lactobacillus casei Shirota (probiotic)
• Cyanobacteria


  "Blue green algae", photosynthetic with chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins
• Types of Cyanobacteria


  • Chroococcales (spherical/cylindrical, binary fission, aggregate colonies)
  • Pleurocapsales (multiple fission and endospores, form epiphytes)
  • Oscillatoriales (filamentous, multicellular elongated structures)
  • Stigonematales (trichomes, heterocysts)
• Cyanobacteria


  • Microsystis aeruginosa (freshwater)
• Genetic recombination in monerans

  1. Transformation

  2. Conjugation

  3. Transduction

  4. Mutation
• Conjugation


  Genetic recombination process in bacteria
• Transduction


  Genetic recombination process in bacteria involving bacteriophage viruses