UCSP_4THQ

• Social group


  • Formed by 2 or more individuals
  • Interacting and identifying with each other
  • They share similar characteristics or shared interests
• Primary group


  • Small social-group whose members share close, personal, and enduring relationships
  • Personal and intimate
  • Face-to-face communication
  • Endure even members are no longer physically near each other
  • Permanence
  • A strong sense of loyalty or a "We" feeling
  • Small in size
• Secondary group


  • Opposite characteristics of a primary group
  • Can be small or large and they are mostly impersonal and usually short-term
  • Membership depends on shared aspirations or common objectives, rather than on family ties or personal relationships
• Secondary group


  • Impersonal relationship between sales clerk and customer in a department store
  • Large lecture at popular universities
  • Complex organizations such as the American Psychological Association
• Reference groups


  • Toward forming identity, an individual uses this group that serves as a point of preference in evaluating one's attitudes and behavior in making decisions related to those
  • This group may also be called as "Identity association group" since their creation is fueled by a person's desire to provide a character connection
• Social networks


  A group of people who have occasional interactions and who engage in similar or related task while remaining unknown, unfamiliar, or only slightly familiar with each other
• Family


  • Most basic social unit composed of one or more parents and a child or children who typically live together
  • It is made up of group of individuals who are linked together by marriage, blood relations, or adoption
• Types of family


  • Nuclear or conjugal family
  • Extended family
  • Reconstituted family
• Nuclear or conjugal family


  Composed of one or two parents and their child/ren
• Extended family


  Composed of parents and children, plus other members of their kin (a group of common ancestry or marriage ties)
• Reconstituted family


  • Its members differ from the typical members of a nuclear or an extended family
  • A prevalence of separated couples with children who remarry
  • Also known as blended family
• Kinship


  • Social institution that refers to relations formed between members of society
  • Formally defined as family ties with social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
• Types of kinship


  • Consanguineal or by blood
  • Affinal or by marriage
  • Fictive or by ritual
• Consanguineal or by blood kinship

  • Kinship by blood or Consanguineal kinship is considered as the most basic and general form of relation
  • The relationship is achieved by birth or blood affinity
• Types of consanguineal kinship

  • Matrilineal descent
  • Patrilineal descent
  • Bilineal descent
• Matrilineal descent


  • Focuses on the unilineal descent that is traced through the female line
  • Both male and female offsprings are considered member, but only the daughter can pass their family line
• Patrilineal descent


  • Both males and females are part of their father's kin group and only the males pass on to their children their family identity
  • The woman's children is members of her husband's patrilineal line
• Bilineal descent


  Traced both ancestral lines of mother and father
• Affinal or by marriage kinship

  Refers to the type of relations developed when a marriage occurs
• Marriages across cultures


  • Endogamy
  • Exogamy
  • Monogamy
  • Polygamy
• Endogamy


  Marriage between members of the same group or category of people, community, village, ethnic, social, or religious groups
• Exogamy


  Marriage of two people coming from different groups or categories
• Monogamy


  Marriage or sexual partnering custom or practice where an individual has only one partner
• Polygamy


  Refers to the practice of having more than one partner or mate
• Types of post-marital residency rules

  • Patrilocal
  • Matrilocal
  • Biolocal
  • Neolocal
• Patrilocal


  Rule of residence occurs when married couples stay in the house of the husband's relatives or near the husband's kin
• Matrilocal


  Rule of residence happens when the couple live with the wife's relatives or near the wife's kin
• Biolocal


  Residence happens when the newlywed couple stays with the husband's relatives and the wife's kin alternately
• Neolocal


  Independent couple
• Divorce


  • A court decree that terminates or dissolves the marriage
  • A divorced individuals are given back their single status and may remarry again
• Annulment


  • Differs from divorce
  • Annulment only nullifies the marriage completely as it was never happened
  • Married couple must present a valid grounds to nullify their marriage
• Grounds for annulment


  • Bigamy
  • Forced consent
  • Fraud
  • Prohibited by law (incest)
  • Psychological incapacity
  • Inability to consummate marriage
  • Underage marriage
• Legal separation


  Separation of husband and wife, but unlike divorce and annulment, legally separated couples are not allowed to remarry
• Fictive kinship


  Occurs in several instances, such as adoption or religious ritual
• Political dynasty


  According to the Philippine House of Representative, a political dynasty exists when "two or more individuals who are related within the second degree of consanguinity" or "those relatives of a person who may be latter's brother or sister, direct descent, whether legitimate or illegitimate, full or half blood, including their spouses" hold elected government position
• Bands


  • Considered as the simplest political system
  • Small, egalitarian kin-based group of perhaps 10-50 people
  • They are often perceived to be acephalous or without defined system of leadership
  • The main source of integration is kinship either by blood or affinity
  • Equal positions
  • No formal government
• Band fissioning


  • As bands increases the size, the tendency of conflict arises which lead to the bands splitting along family lines
  • Eventually this could lead to some leaving the band to form their own, which is referred as social velocity
• Tribes


  • Comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated (often through a council of elders or other leaders)
  • They shared language, religious beliefs, and other aspects of culture
  • As political entities, they are fragile in nature as their informal political structures are only meant to respond to crises such as threats of external interference or invasion
• Tribe sodalities


  • Comes in the form of councils or tribal leaders
  • Tribes are often headed by the village headman, even though such role does not have absolute political power
  • A village headman derived authority from having senior position, coupled with the ability to force others to obey him
  • Most tribes remain egalitarian where families and groups are considered politically and economically equal, even those of headmen
• Chiefdoms


  • Organized through formal structures that integrates several communities (such as tribes) into a distinct political entity lead by a council of leaders/elders which typically has a chief but doesn't always have one
  • The power of chief is not absolute as it derives potence from the community's council of elders or leaders that serve as his/her advisers who can sway him/her most of the times