Origin and Structure of Earth (1)

• Genesis - one of the books of the Hebrew Bible and Christian old testament. World was created in six days
• Rigveda - a Hindu text; described the universe as oscillating universe in which a " cosmic egg " of Brahmana containing the whole universe.
• Anaxagoras - believed in primordial universe
• Leucippus & Democritus - believed in atomic universe
• Aristotle & Ptolemy - the Greek philosophers proposed a geocentric universe where earth stayed motionless in the heaven and everything was revolving around it
• Nicolaus Copernicus - contradicted the theory of the philosophers, his theory of heliocentrism demonstrated that the motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting the earth in the center of the universe
•  Giordano Bruno – in  1584 the Italian philosopher suggested that even the Solar System is not in the center of the universe
• Isaac Newton-  in 1687 he describes the universe as a static, steady state, infinite universe
• Rene Descartes -  French philosopher outlined a Cartesian vertex model of the universe with many of the characteristics of Newton's static, infinite universe.
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  Gravitational effects -  a system of a huge swirling whirlpools of the matter.
• Albert Einstein - same with Newton has, believed that the universe was static neither expanding nor contraction but he added a cosmological constant to his general theory.
• The Big Bang Theory - The most widely accepted explanation of how the Universe began.
• Hubble discovered that galaxies were moving away from one another at speeds proportional to their distance from us.
• Big Bang Theory - Current accepted model on the formation of the universe. Describes the universe is expanding having originated from an infinitely tiny dense point around 14 Gya
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  Singularity - there is only pure energy compressed in a single point when mater was not present.
• Georges Lemaitre - attributed the fundamental statement of the big bang theory in 1927
• Edwin Hubble - supported the theory and he demonstrated the continuously expanding of the universe through the observation of galactic redshifts in 1929.
• Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson - discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965
• The Four Fundamental Forces:

  Gravity -  attraction between bodies

  Electromagnetic forces - binds atoms into molecules

  Strong nuclear force - binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
• Oscillating Universe -  , also known as " Pulsating Theory " proposes that the universe is expanding and will contact once all the energy after the big bang has been used up.
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  Steady State Theory - the universe had always been expanding but the average density of the universe remains the same
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  Inflationary Universe - Alan Guth , American physicist , He incorporated a short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard
• Big bang model - This theory became known as inflationary model, which states that the universe expanded rapidly after the big bang.
• Monsignor Geores Lemaitre - Roman catholic priest, physicist, and astronomer. First known academic to propose a theory of an expanding universe. "Hypothesis of the primeval atom or cosmic egg"
• Cosmology - the study of heavenly bodies.
• According to Big Bang Theory, the universe started as a singularity
• Singularity - It is an area predicted to be the core of a black hole.
• Nucleosynthesis - the formation of elements such as H and He
• The presence of Hydrogen and Helium led to formation of stars and galaxies
• Oscillating universe is a combination of big crunch and big bang
• Big crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverse, then collapses causing formation of singularity
• Singularity results in a big bang
• Richard Tolman - he called the birth of another universe as the big bounce
• Steady State Theory proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi
• Noosphere - the sphere of human consciousness and reason, by Vladimir Vernadsky, according to him, the humans are the last stage of evolution
• James Hutton - Father of modern geology
• Gaia Hypothesis - if all cats were removed, then rats will invade
• James Lovelock - earth is self-regulating
• NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• Aeronautics - branch of science that studies flights