Semester 2

• Assumptions


  Sentences that are ordered in decreasing degree of certainty
• Predictions


  Statements about the future based on personal judgement/intuition or present evidence
• Modals used for assumptions and predictions

  • Will
  • Should (ought to, be likely to)
  • May
  • Might
  • Be going to
• Looking at the restaurant menu: 'I'll have the steak!' = spontaneous personal decision
• Looking at dark clouds: 'It's going to rain.' = prediction based on external evidence

  
• Over het algemeen

  By and large
• Een familie/ een evolutionaire afstammeling

  An evolutionary lineage
• Internal obligation


  What you tell yourself to do
• Internal obligation


  • I must anticipate my stops and starts to know when to switch the engine on or off
• External obligation


  What the circumstances, a regulation or someone else forces you to do
• External obligation


  • You have to keep your tyres properly inflated
• Mild obligation


  • You should maintain a steady speed when driving your car
• Mild advice


  • You could consider sharing longer rides with others via apps such as Blablacar
• Mild prohibition


  • You mustn't accelerate too fast or sharply
• Prohibition


  • You shouldn't wait to go for a check-up until something is wrong
• Absence of obligation


  No obligation
• Absence of obligation


  • You don't have to change the oil too often, only when the light indicates so
• How to read '0'

  • Oh (in colloquial English, phone numbers)
  • Zero (in scientific English)
  • Nil (in sports results)
  • Love (in tennis)
  • Nought (before the decimal point)
  • Oh (after the decimal point)
• After the decimal point you say each number by itself: 2.54 = two point five four
• How to write big numbers

  • 21,348 (Twenty-one thousand three hundred and forty-eight)
  • 100 (A hundred)
  • 1,000 (A thousand)
  • 1,000,000 (A million)
  • 1,000,000,000 (A billion)
  • 1,000,000,000,000 (A trillion)
• How to cope with the UK Imperial Measurement System

  • An inch (in) = 2.54 cm
  • A foot (ft) = 30.48 cm
  • A yard (yd) = 91.44 cm
  • A mile (mi) = 1.609 km
  • An ounce (oz) = 28 g
  • A pound (lb) = 453 g
  • A stone (st) = 6.54 kg
  • A pint (pt) = 0.568 l
  • A gallon (gal) = 4.54 l
• New York, 1922. The tempo of the city had changed sharply. The buildings were higher. The parties were bigger. The morals were loser and the liquor was cheaper. The restlessness approached hysteria
• Gallon (gal)


  4.54 l
• The plot of The Great Gatsby


  1. New York, 1922

  2. The tempo of the city had changed sharply

  3. The buildings were higher

  4. The parties were bigger

  5. The morals were loser and the liquor was cheaper

  6. The restlessness approached hysteria
• Between 1873 and 1934, for many the trip to the New World began in a warehouse in Antwerp
• When Ellis Island opened, 60 million people had already come to the US in 1892. During the period 1892-1924, Ellis Island was an Immigration Station for new arrivals
• The Armenian family came to America to escape religious persecution
• Negative view on immigrants

  • Uncle Sam symbolizes the US (INITIALS!!)
  • He is the Pied Piper and catches the rats (the immigrants, Europeans). He leads the rats into the US
• Positive view on immigration

  • Uncle Sam consists of all different ethnic people (pe. Native Americans as his nose)
  • Uncle Sam is the personification of the United States federal government
• Defining relative clause


  Contains necessary information
• Defining relative clause - Antecedent


  • Person
  • Animal or thing
• Defining relative clause - Relative pronoun


  • Subject: Who/that
  • Object: ⊘/who(m)/that
  • Prepositional object: ⊘/who(m)/that + preposition
  • Possessive: Whose
• Non-defining relative clause - Antecedent


  • Person
  • Animal or thing
  • Sentence
• Non-defining relative clause - Relative pronoun


  • Subject: Who
  • Object: Whom
  • Prepositional object: Preposition / whom
  • Possessive: Whose