Thermodynamics

• E=mc theta

  c = specific heat capacity

  theta = temperature
• Specific heat capacity - the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 Kg of substance by 1 Kelvin
• E = L m

  L = specific latent heat
• Specific latent heat - the amount of energy required to change the state of 1 Kg of substance
• Specific latent heat of fusion - the amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance from solid to liquid
• Specific latent heat of vaporisation - the amount of energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance from liquid to gas
• Internal energy - the sum of all the kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles
• Absolute zero - the temperature where the particles have no kinetic energy, and the volume and pressure of the gas are zero
• K = c + 273
• Kinetic theory model assumptions

  • no intermolecular forces
  • duration of collisions is negligible
  • motion of the molecules is random
  • motions of the molecules follows Newtons laws
  • molecules move in a straight line
• Ideal gas’s conditions

  • monatomic - one atom
  • elastic collisions
  • particles have zero volume
  • no interactions between particles
• PV = kNT

  N = number of particles
• Black body radiator - emits and absorbs all wavelengths of radiation
• L = o A T^4

  L = luminosity

  A = surface area