learning

• Battle of Vimy Ridge 

  • One of greatest battles in Canadian history
  • Canadian victory for entire Allied Force, turning point of WWI
  • German fortifications 3 layers of trenches, barbed wire, tunnels
  • French tried
  • British army relieved French operations then they were driven back before they could plan a major attack
  • goal to break through German lines
  • first fight with all four Canadian divisions
  • Led by Sir Arthur William Currie
  • Canadian divisions were kept together
  • first time the Canadians fought together
  • Hill 145 fell, they won, remained in Allied hands for war
• The Battle of Passchendaele 

  • British, Australian troops fought over three months unsuccessfully
  • Looked hopeless, Sir Arthur Currie didn't want to be involved
  • his objections were overruled by British Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig,
  • his reluctance won the Canadians a delay that allowed them to prepare for the battle
  • captured high ground could be used to launch a decisive attack on the German-occupied channel ports. 
  • only part of Belgium that remained in allied hands was Ypres Salient
  • allied forces launched their attacks Ypres Salient was dangerous and vulnerable to German attack
• vimy pilgrims


  A massive memorial of two soaring pylons representing Canada and France
• Canadian plan in the battle of PASSCHENDAELE

  Objective was to secure a defensive position on the Passchendaele ridge

  They would attack in a series of battles

  impossible to dig trenches, but Germans had devised pillboxes
• Canadian government in the 30s

  RB Bennett was the leader of the conservative party

  Prime Minister WLMK wanted to wait out the depression

  Bennett is remembered for his humane responses for achieving too little too late. Also had a six month plan to increase tariffs.
• Government response to communism

  Wanted to stop a revolution before it started

  Unemployment relief camps were made to move “troublemakers”
• Relief camps

  Horrible conditions

  Run by the department of national Defence
• On-To-Ottawa trek

  Workers rode the rails to Ottawa

  Striking

  P.M. Bennett was terrified and tried to put a stop to it

  Gives permission to meet P.M. Bennett

  Nothing was fixed and relief camps were shut down

  Bennett had a political decline

  Protest increased communist party of Canada exposure

  Bennett proposed a new deal with a better system, but this was not supported by even Bennett’s own party
• Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)


  New political party

  Founded by farm and labour groups, who wanted an end to suffering

  Socialist Group

  focussed on having all groups cooperate with each other

  Later became the new Democratic Party (NDP)
• Social credit


  New political party

  Leader was a Christian Evangelist, William Aberhart

  intended to give people social credit

  Later declared illegal and never paid out
• Union national


  New political party

  Protested against high employment and the depression

  Leader was Maurice Duplessis (conservative)

  Played on Quebec nationalism

  Conservatism rule, life, and economic liberalism
• Protectionist 


  How the Government protected home industries by increasing tariffs
• Prohibition remains

  Provinces are still entitled to govern the supply of liquor within their borders

  of Cardston country Alabama remain dry until June 2023
• The Windsor/Detroit corridor


  One of the busiest areas for rumrunning
• stills 


  Used to create liquor
• The Balfour report


  Canada, another commonwealth countries are deemed equal in status of Great Britain
• The statue of Westminster

  Gives Britain no legal power over Canada

  Had to be agreed upon by Britain
• The person’s case


  The case that allowed women to be considered as persons and hold government positions
• The Chanak affair/crisis


  WLMK Did not send military assistance to British troops in Turkey because Canada is now independent
• The King-Byng Affair 


  Conflict between Prime Minister and Governor General

  Prime Minister asked for parliament to be dissolved and vote to be held but the governor general said no

  This was the last time request was rejected
• Chinese immigrants in the 1920s

  Chinese head tax

  Fearful of jobs being taken

  Chinese is not outright banned
• Antagonist Cooperative Movement 


  They established a cannery

  They created a cooperative (a community that works together)
• Members of the black community during 1920s

  Ku Klux Klan (extremist white supremacist group)

  Fear for interracial couples and the black community
• Why was Nagasaki a target?


  Secondary target after inclement weather and running out of fuel was chosen for military reasons

  Primary target was Kokura
• Canadian contributions to the atomic bomb

  Uranium production

  Scientist

  Heavy water
• Radioactive fallout

  Causes dust to become radioactive matter
• intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)


  Designed to deliver nuclear payload
• Overkill


  Destructive nuclear capacity, exceeding amount needed to destroy the worlds population

  Reached 8 to 10 times
• BOMARC Nuclear missiles

  Installed in the Cold War by Canada
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  NATO

  Canada joined during the Cold War
• North American aerospace defence command

  NORAD

  Canada joining during the Cold War
• Cuban missile crises

  Closest world has come to nuclear war

  Russia tried to install secret nuclear missiles in Cuba near the US

  JFK resisted advice to attack/blockade Cuba

  Nikia Khrushchev was under pressure to take on US. But he then sent out signals to stop.

  Agreement made that missiles sites would be torn down in Cuba and exchange for removal of missiles in turkey
• Strategic defence initiative


  “ Star Wars”

  Launched by President Ronald Reagan

  Intends to defend US by intercepting missiles

  Became a battle of the budget as USSR fears to spend more than it has
• Nikita Khroschchev


  Russian leader during the Cold War
• Expropriate

  To take ownership of
• The Bill of Rights

  John Diefenbaker (conservative)

  Intended to provide legal protection of freedom and rights

  Not entrenched in our constitution
• Canadian Bill of Rights


  Intended to provide legal protection of freedom and rights
• Lester B Pearson and liberals


  Came back into power and response to Diefenbakers inability to solve the economic woes of Canada in early 1960s
• Canadian assistance plan


  Provides equal access to welfare for all Canadians
• Welfare


  Monetary assistance for low income