Topic 1- Biological Molecules

• Define the term monomer

  💚 small/repeating molecules of which larger molecule/ polymers are made from
• Defined the term polymer

  💚 molecule made up of many individual monomers
• Defined the term condensation reaction


  💚 a reaction that joins 2 molecules together of which forms a chemical bond Releasing a water molecule
• Define the term hydrolysis reaction


  💚 A reaction where two molecules are separated, breaking a chemical bond. This reaction requires a water molecule
• Name three examples of a monomer

  💚 nucleotide

  💚 monosaccharide

  💚 amino acid
• Name three examples of a polymer

  💚 polynucleotide

  💚 polysaccharide

  💚 polypeptide
• Give examples of polymers and monomers from which they are made

  💚 nucleotide > polynucleotide

  💚 monosaccharide > polysaccharides

  💚 amino acid > polypeptide
• What is a monosaccharide? Give three common examples

  💚 a monosaccharide from which larger carbohydrates are made

  💚 glucose, fructose, galactose
• Describe the difference between the structure of an alpha glucose and a beta glucose

  💚 alpha and beta glucose or isomers they have the same molecular formula but differently arranged atoms

  💚 the OH group on an alpha glucose is below the planer on carbon one. Whereas the OH group on a beta glucose is inverted and therefore is above the plane on carbon one
• What is a disaccharide and how are they formed?

  💚 disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together with a glycosidic bond

  💚 it is formed by a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule
• List free common disaccharides and monosaccharides from wicked they are made

  💚 Maltose > glucose + glucose

  💚 sucrose > glucose + fructose

  💚 lactose > glucose + galactose
• What are polysaccharides and how are they formed?

  💚 polysaccharides are many monosaccharide joint together with a glycolic bond

  💚 they are formed by many condensation reactions, releasing water molecules
• Describe the basic function and structure of starch

  💚 energy storage in plant cells

  💚 starch is a polysaccharide of alpha glucose

  💚 amylose- 1,4 glycosidic bonds > unbranded

  💚 amylopectin- 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds > branched

  
• describe the basic function and structure of glycogen

  💚 energy storage in animal cells

  💚 polysaccharide made of alpha- glucose

  💚 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds > branched ( more than amylopectin)
• Explain how the structures of starch related to its function

  💚 helical > compact for storage in cells

  💚 large, insoluble polysaccharide molecule > cannot leave the cell/ cross the plasma membrane

  💚 insoluble in water > water potential of cell not affected (no osmosis effect)
• Explain how the structures of glycogen relates to their function

  💚 branched > compact/ fit more molecules in a smaller area

  💚 branched > more ends for faster hydrolysis > releases glucose for respiration to make ATP for energy release

  💚 large, insoluble polysaccharid molecule > cannot leave cell/ cross cell membrane

  💚 insoluble in water > water potential of cell is not affected (no osmosis effect)
• Describe the basic function and structure of cellulose

  💚 provides strength and structural support to plant/ algal cell walls

  💚 polysaccharide of beta- glucose

  💚 1,4 glycosidic bonds > straight, unbraced chains

  💚 chains are linked in parallel by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils
• Explain how the structure of cellulose relates to its function

  💚 every other beta- glucose molecule is inverted in a long, straight, unbranded chain

  💚 many Hydrogen bonds link para stands (crosslinks) to form microfibrils (strong fibres)

  💚 hydrogen bonds are sting in high numbers so provides strength to plant cell wall