Earthquakes

• How to reduce earthquake damage

  Predicting when an earthquake might occur: Scientists study historical

  records of when earthquakes have occurred at different plate

  boundaries. They can then predict when another earthquake may occur.

  Planning for earthquakes: Make maps to show areas at a higher

  risk, with this planets can make decisions on where to construct

  buildings.

  Construction of earthquake-safe buildings: Buildings and bridges can be

  designed and built to resist the shaking that occurs during an

  earthquake.e.g Burj Khalifa
• Earthquake

  • sudden shaking of the earth cause by movement in the earths crust
• Seismic waves are waves of energy that spread out in circles from the

  focus
• Focus: The place where an

  earthquake begins beneath

  the earth's surface.
• A tsunami is a huge wave caused by an earthquake under the sea
• Seismograph is used to measure and record an earthquake and how long

  it lasted
• Earthquakes occur when plates collide, these plates collide as a result

  of convection currents underneath the surface of the Earth.

  Convection currents are what causes the plate movement.

  The Earthquake begins beneath the Earth's surface, it starts with the

  mantle then to the focus (which is beneath the earths surface) and then

  it makes its way to the surface which is the epicentre of the epicentre is

  the strongest part of the earthquake and it's on the surface.

  Seismic

  waves also spread out from the focus
• Subduction is a process that occurs in an earthquake is when one of

  the plates are formed beneath the other. Pressure is then released and

  this causes the shaking that experienced by people On the surface
• Long-term responses: The Japanese Earthquake occurred on March 11 , 20n

  and measured 9.0 on the Richter scale with 5,000 aftershocks. It cost the

  Japanese economy Billions to restore what was damaged. Japan

  experienced - fast recovery due to the Japanese government's long-term

  response plan to the disaster. They Came up with a €208 Billion 10-year

  investment plan. They used this to restore farmland that had been

  destroyed due to a tSunami caused by the Earthquake. Portion of the

  money - rebuild homes and ports as well as industry and infrastructure.
• 2. This has greatly helped to restore the

  Japanese economy. However people were still left living in temporary

  housing after the plan.
• Build up of pressure and then sudden release
• Reduces the tress
• habitats are destroyed
• Kathmandu Nepal 2015 - earthquake, 7.8 mms.

  2 large aftershocks within an hour of the main earthquake: 6.6 & 6.7 on

  MMS.

  Social impact - Almost 9,000 people died, 17,000 injured

  Electricity, water supplies & communication networks were all affected

  • Up to 90% of clinics & schools destroyed.

  Mt. Everest experienced

  an avalanch

  ling 19 people

  • Triggered landslides that affected

  villages & capital city Kathmandu
• Nepal earthquake economic impacts

  Est cost of the damage was €9 billion

  m children left without school to attend

  3.7m people needed emergency aid e.g. food, water, medical supplies &

  tents
• The moment magnitude scale is now used to measure the

  magnitude (strength) of the earthquake. It is more reliable than the Richter

  scale the scale goe

  um one to 10