Science

• Heterozygous


  Having two different alleles of a gene
• Mendel


  Gregor Johann Mendel, the "Father of Genetics"
• Genotype


  The genetic makeup of an organism (DNA sequence)
• DNA


  A molecule that contains genetic information
• Genetics


  The study of heredity, genes, and variation in organisms
• Genotype


  The genetic makeup of an individual
• Phenotype


  The physical expression of an individual's genotype
• Chromosomes


  Thread-like structures containing genetic information
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  Involved in protein synthesis and secretion
• Chloroplasts


  In green plants and some algae, contain pigments for photosynthesis
• Mitochondria


  The site of cellular respiration, where energy is generated
• Nucleus


  The control center of the cell, containing most of the genetic material
• Eukaryotic Cells


  Cells with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
• RNA


  Meditates the transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins
• Proteins


  Perform a range of functions in the cell, including structural, enzymatic, and regulatory roles
• Transcription


  The process of creating an RNA copy from a section of DNA
• Translation


  The process of creating a protein from an RNA molecule
• DNA Replication


  The process by which a cell makes a copy of its own DNA before cell division
• Natural Selection


  The process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring
• Mutation


  The process by which an individual's genetic information is altered, resulting in new traits
• Gene Flow


  The movement of genes from one population to another
• Genetic Drift


  The random change in the frequency of a gene or allele due to chance events
• Mitochondria


  Generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
• Cell Membrane Boundaries


  Cells have a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
• Domain Eukarya


  The domain of life characterized by the presence of membrane-bound organelles and the use of mitochondria and chloroplasts for energy production
• Synapomorphies


  Shared derived characteristics, indicating a closer evolutionary relationship
• Homology


  The presence of similar characteristics in different organisms, indicating a common ancestor
• Classification


  The process of grouping organisms based on their shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships
• Sperm


  The male reproductive cell
• Reproductive System


  The biological system responsible for producing offspring in most organisms
• Egg


  The female reproductive cell
• Fertilization


  The process by which a sperm penetrates an egg and forms a zygote
• Biology


  The study of the structure, function, and evolution of living organisms
• Taxon


  A category of classification, such as genus, species, or family
• Species


  A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Domain


  The highest level, grouping organisms based on their cell structure and metabolism
• Kingdom


  The level below domain, grouping organisms based on their body structure and development