KIN 262 Midterm II

• Respiration is exchange of gases between atmosphere, blood, and cells. 3 processess is required for repiration to occur 1. ventilation 2.external respirtation 3.internal respiration.
• Upper respiratory system : nose, phraynx,
• Lower respiratory system: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• external portion of nose is made of cartilage and skin, lined with mucous membrane
• bony framework of nose is formed by frontal, nasal, and maxillary bones
• Pharynx is a passageway for air and food, is a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses tonsils
• Sections of pharynx (from external to most internal) : Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
• Larynx is a passageway that connects the pharynx and trachea. Contains vocal folds and produces sound when they vibrate
• Trachea extends from larynx to primary bronchi. Trachea branches into a right main bronchus that enters the right lung and a left main bronchus that enters left lung
• Branching of Bronchial Tree: Trachea>main bronchi>lobar bronchi>segmental bronchi>bronchioles>terminal bronchioles
• Lungs are protected by pleural membrane
• Microscopic airways: respiratory bronchioles>alveolar ducts>alveolar sacs> alveoli
• respiratory membrane composed of type I and II alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages. Epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall. A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
• blood enters the lungs via pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries. Blood exits the lungs via pulmoanary veins and bronchial veins. Ventilation-perfusion coupling>vasoconstriction is response to hypoxia diverts blood from poorly ventilated to well ventilated areas
• In pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli of the lungs becuase alternating pressure differences: Inhalation and exhalation
• pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by Boyle's Law
• Factors that affect pulmonary ventilation: Surface tension, elastic recoil, and compliance
• Eupnea- normal unlabored breathing
• Bradypnea- slow deep breathing
• Tachypnea- rapid shallow breathing
• diaphragmatic breathing-slow deep breaths
• costal breathing-shallow fast breaths
• apnea- temporary seization of breathing
• Factors affecting the affinity of Hb for O2- PO2,pH, temp, BPG
• againg results in decreased vital capacity, blood O2 level, alveolar macrophage activity, ciliary action of respiratory epithelia
• Acessory structure of GI: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
• basic process involved in digestion: ingestion>secretion>motility>digestion>absorption>defecation
• Secondary function of GI tract: mass balance, protection
• GI reflex pathways regulate GI secretion and motility in response to stimuli within the GI tract
• Peritoneum largest serous membrane in body
• mouth is formed by cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue
• Salivary glands empty their contents into ducts which deliver saliva into oral cavity
• Pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
• Saliva is made up of water,mucus,salivary amylase, sodium bicarbonate
• tongue participates in chewing, swallowing, and speech
• teeth adapted for mechanical digestion
• mechanical digestion: chewing mixes food and saliva and forms a bolus which can be easily swallowed
• chemical digestion: salivary amylase converts polysaccharides to disccarides
• esophagus connects pharynx to stomach
• deglutition: swallowing