Pracres

• Research


  Systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information (data) to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned
• Types of Research

  • Quantitative research
  • Qualitative research
  • Mixed research
• Dependent variable


  The dependent variable is the factor or the outcome changed by the independent variable
• Independent variables


  Variables manipulated or measured by researchers, while dependent variables are the outcomes they want to explain or predict
• Quantitative Research


  A deductive research process involving the collection and analysis of quantitative (i.e., numerical) data to identify statistical relationship of variables
• Qualitative Research

  An inductive research process involving the collection and analysis of qualitative (i.e., non-numerical) data to search for patterns, themes, and holistic features / characteristics
• Inductive reasoning


  A logical process based on experiences, observations, and facts to evaluate a situation and make a general assumption like a theory
• Deductive reasoning

  A logical process based on using two logical assumptions
• Mixed Research


  Combines or mixes quantitative and qualitative research techniques within or across phases of the study
• Quantitative research perspectives


  • Experimental
  • Non-Experimental
• Mixed research perspectives


  • Mixed method
  • Mixed model
• Qualitative research perspectives


  • Phenomenology
  • Ethnography
  • Case study
  • Historical
• Experimental quantitative research


  Involves cause and effect relationships, manipulation of independent variables, and random assignment
• Non-experimental quantitative research


  Involves no manipulation of independent variable, no random assignment, and no conclusion of cause and effect
• Phenomenology


  Attempts to understand how one or more individuals experience a phenomenon
• Ethnography


  Focuses on describing the culture of a group of people
• Historical research


  Research about events that occurred in the past
• Case study


  Focused on providing detailed account of one or more cases of interest
• Mixed Method Research


  The researcher uses qualitative research in one phase and quantitative research in another phase of the study
• Mixed Model Research


  A mix of both qualitative research and quantitative approaches within a stage of the study or across two of the stages of the research process
• Operation Research


  A scientific method of providing quantitative basis for decision making by the decision makers under their control
• Descriptive Research


  Also known as ex postfacto research, it describes a state of phenomenon that already exists
• Market Research


  The basic and must do type of research before releasing a new product in the market
• Intellectual puzzles

  • Developmental puzzles
  • Mechanical puzzles
  • Comparative puzzles
  • Causal/predictive puzzles
• Criteria for Excellent Research Questions

  • They should be clear (intelligible)
  • They should be formulated in terms (researchable) that are not so abstract
  • They should be connected with established theory and research
  • They should be linked to each other
  • They should be able to make an original contribution
  • They should be neither too broad nor too narrow
• Research Process

  1. Problem Statement

  2. Research Objectives

  3. Significance of the Study

  4. Scope and Limitation
• Problem Statement


  Entices the reader and stimulates interest
• Research Objectives


  Indicates what the research will do (Qualitative: discover, explore, describe, explain, etc.; Quantitative: affect, influence, impact, cause, relate, etc.)
• Significance of the Study


  Includes reasons why the study adds to the research or literature in the field or area; who benefits
• Scope and Limitation


  Indicate boundaries, exceptions, reservations, and qualifications in the study
• Statement of the Problem


  Describes who is affected, supported causes of the problem, the objective of the improvement, and the intervention that will be initiated to improve the situation or address the issue or problem
• Significance of the Study


  1. Identify specifically the deficiencies of other studies

  2. Write about areas overlooked by past studies, including topics, special statistical treatments, significant implications

  3. Discuss how a proposed study will remedy these deficiencies and provide a unique contribution
• Literature Review


  Shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the one being undertaken, relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature filling in gaps and extending prior studies, and provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study