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• Economic characteristics of high-income countries

  • Lower levels of poverty
  • High average incomes
  • Wide range of industries
  • Opportunities for global trade
• Social characteristics of high-income countries


  • Access to technology
  • Developed legal systems
  • Higher levels of gender equality
  • Low birth rates and population growth
  • High levels of employment
  • High levels of education
  • Developed social security systems
  • Developed health systems
• Environmental characteristics of high-income countries

  • High levels of carbon dioxide emissions
  • Access to safe water and sanitation
  • Food security
  • Adequate housing
  • Adequate infrastructure
• Social characteristics of Middle Income Countries.

  • Transitioning towards high levels of employment
  • Transitioning towards high levels of education
  • Transitioning towards lower birth rates
• Economic Characteristics of Middle Income Countries

  • Moderate average incomes
  • Moderate range of industries
  • Transitioning towards a low level of debt
  • Transitioning towards low levels of poverty
• How access to safe water affects differences in health status

  Access to safe water decreases mortality rates associated with diarrhoeal disease, cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and polio. This, in turn, ensures that less people are dying prematurely from these diseases, increasing life expectancy.
• How access to safe water affects differences in burden of disease

  Access to safe water decreases burden of disease. It ensures that fewer years of life are lost due to premature death from diarrhoeal disease (YLL) and that fewer years of life are lost due to disability associated with polio (YLD). This, in turn, decreases disabilityadjusted life years (DALY).
• How sanitation affects differences in health status

  These diseases also weaken immune systems in older people, making them more susceptible to dying from illnesses. increased mortality decreases the life expectancy of a low-income country
• How sanitation affects differences in burden of disease

  Diarrhoea, worms and other waterborne diseases from contamination lead to an increase in YLLs as children are dying from malnourishment and sickness that they cannot fight off as their immune systems have not had the chance to build defences through food and water.
• How poverty affects differences in health status

  Poverty can result in being unable to afford nutritious food. This, in turn, increases mortality rates from malnutrition. By increasing the amount of people dying prematurely from malnutrition, poverty likewise reduces life expectancy.
• How poverty water affects differences in burden of disease

  Poverty can result in people being unable to afford healthcare services, which means that certain conditions may not be detected at an early stage, leading to more people dying prematurely from cancer (YLL) and enduring the symptoms of conditions such as hypertension (YLD). This, in turn, increases DALY.
• How race affects differences in health status


  People that suffer from discrimination due to their race may be at an increased risk of mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression. This will increase morbidity rates associated with mental health disorders.
• How race affects differences in burden of disease

  People may not seek out healthcare in fear of being discriminated because of their race. This means conditions may go untreated which will increase years of life lost due to disability, disease or injury (YLDs).
• How religion affects differences in health status

  Religious discrimination can contribute to increase in anxiety, depression, psychiatric disorders, stress, and this can negatively affect mental health and wellbeing, which increases morbidity rates associated with mental health conditions.
• How religion affects differences in burden of disease


  It can also lead to an increase in tobaccos smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug use which negatively impacts physical health and wellbeing by causing chronic health conditions like cardiovascular diseases, which can increase the years of life lost due to disease and disability.
• How sex affects differences in health status

  Low Income countries -> Less education for women -> Less likely to adopt healthy behaviours (e.g when pregnant) -> lower life expectancy for mothers & children (due to no immunisation, poor maternal diet, etc.)
• How sex affects differences in burden of disease

  Women in low-income countries are more likely to be employed in jobs that are badly paid, or labour heavy jobs. This can increase the risk that women experience years of life lost due to disability or injury (YLDs) as they may be more likely to suffer from injuries in those labour-intensive jobs.
• How sexual orientation affects differences in health status

  discrimination & physical violence against people who arent straight -> high rates of morbidity
• How sexual orientation affects differences in burden of disease

  • non het -> refused healthcare -> aren't able to access medical assistance to cure + treat injuries/diseases
  • increase years of life lost due to premature death (untreated diseases -> premature death)
• How gender identity affects differences in health status:

  Low income countries -> more likely to experience discrimination (don't identify with AGAB)

  • This puts them at a higher risk of illnesses e.g anxiety, also inc. morbidity rates from mental health disorders.
• How gender identity affects differences in burden of disease:

  • people in low income countries who don't identify with AGAB -> inc. hatecrime rates - physical & sexual assault.
  • inc. years of life lost due to disability, disease or injury (YLDs) bc assault
• How global distribution and marketing of tobacco affects differences in health status 1

  • increased mortality rates due to smoking related conditions e.g lung cancer.
  • premature deaths from lung cancer -> dec. life expectancy
• How global distribution and marketing of tobacco affects differences in health status 2

  • dying prematurely from smoking-related conditions like cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD), lung cancer -> YLL component
  • living in poor health due to smoking side effects (e.g shortness of breath) -> YLD