science - earth sci r1

• Physics


  The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them
• Chemistry


  The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter
• Astronomy


  The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere
• Geology


  The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is experiencing
• Oceanography


  The exploration and study of the ocean
• Paleontology


  The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic periods
• Meteorology


  The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as weather and climate
• Botany


  The study of plants
• Zoology


  The science that covers animals and animal life
• Genetics


  The study of heredity
• Medicine


  The science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness, disease, and injury
• Measurement


  The process of comparing a quantity with a chosen standard
• Basic Quantities in the International System (SI) of Measurement

  • Length
  • Mass
  • Time
  • Electric current
  • Temperature
  • Amount of substance
  • Luminous intensity / light
• Two factors affect the degree of measurements: (a.) the ability to use the measuring instruments properly and (b.) the precision of the instrument
• Unit factor method


  A systematic technique for solving numerical problems where factors are derived from fixed relationships between quantities to cancel units not desired
• Metric Prefixes


  • giga
  • mega
  • kilo
  • hecto
  • deka
  • deci
  • centi
  • milli
  • micro
  • nano
  • pico
• Fahrenheit temperature scale


  Based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water, the interval between the two being divided into 180 parts
• Celsius temperature scale


  Based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water
• Metric prefixes


  Prefixes like 'kilo' and 'milli' that are used for understanding metric conversions
• Temperature scales in use today

  • Fahrenheit
  • Celsius
  • Kelvin
• Centigrade temperature scale


  Scale based on 0 for the freezing point of water and 100 for the boiling point of water
• Kelvin temperature scale


  The base unit of thermodynamic temperature measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement, defined as 1/273.16 of the triple point of pure water
• To convert Celsius to Kelvin

  K = °C + 273
• Volume


  The amount of space that an object occupies
• Regular solid


  • Has length, width, and thickness or height that can each be measured in a single straight line
• Measuring volume of a regular solid

  Multiply length, width and thickness
• Liquid volume


  Measured in cubic meters but the use of liter (L) is widely accepted
• Measuring volume of a liquid

  Use a graduated cylinder, read the lower meniscus for clear liquids and the upper meniscus for colored liquids
• Irregular solid


  • Has a dimension that cannot be measured in a single straight line
• Measuring volume of an irregular solid

  Use the displacement method - put the object in water and measure the volume of the overflow
• Liquid volume equivalents


  • 1dm3 = 1 liter (L)
  • 1 cm3 = 1 milliliter (mL)
  • 1000 cm3 = 1 liter
• Application - calculating volume of a block

  • L = 2 cm, W = 2 cm, T = 2 cm
  • Volume = L x W x T = 8 cm3
• Application - calculating volume of a rock

  • Initial water volume = 25.9 mL
  • Final water volume with rock = 34.7 mL
  • Volume of rock = 34.7 mL - 25.9 mL = 8.8 mL
• Density


  The mass of an object per unit volume
• Substances with density less than 1 g/cc (water) will float, substances with density greater than 1 g/cc will sink
• Application - determining if an object will float or sink

  • Object mass = 2.5 g, volume = 1.4 cc
  • Density = 2.5 g / 1.4 cc = 1.79 g/cc
  • The object will sink since it is denser than water (1 g/cc)
• Force


  Anything that changes the speed and direction of moving objects or causes a stationary object to start moving in a straight line
• Types of forces


  • Gravitational force
  • Inertia
  • Friction
  • Centripetal force
  • Force of gravity
  • Nuclear force
  • Electromagnetic force
• Mass


  The quantity of matter in a material object, a constant property
• Weight


  The measure of the pull of gravity on an object, depends on mass and distance from the Earth's center