BIOLOGY (CELL STRUCTURE)

• Nucleus


  Command and control center of the cell, tells the cell what to do, how to grow, what proteins to make, what lipids to produce
• Chromatin


  Long strands of DNA in the nucleus, the instruction manual or blueprint of the cell, stores the genetic information
• Nucleolus


  Creates ribosomal RNA to make ribosomes
• Ribosomes


  Make proteins, consist of ribosomal RNA and proteins
• Protein synthesis


  1. Nucleus sends mRNA (messenger RNA) to ribosomes

  2. Ribosomes use mRNA instructions to make specific proteins
• Nuclear envelope


  Membrane surrounding the nucleus, has nuclear pores that allow things to go in and out
• Types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

  • Rough ER
  • Smooth ER
• Rough ER


  Contains ribosomes, assists in protein production
• Smooth ER


  Does not contain ribosomes, produces lipids, cholesterol, hormones, assists in detoxification
• Protein transport and modification

  1. Proteins made in rough ER are enclosed in vesicles

  2. Vesicles transported to Golgi body

  3. Golgi body modifies proteins by adding lipids and carbs, can also fold proteins

  4. Modified proteins exported out of cell
• Mitochondria


  Has its own DNA, performs cellular respiration to convert energy in fats and carbs to ATP
• Lysosomes


  Break down food, contain digestive enzymes, can destroy pathogens in white blood cells
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like fluid in cell that dissolves organelles, contains solutes like salts, electrolytes, carbohydrates, lipids, free-floating ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton


  Maintains cell shape and provides structural support, consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
• Microtubules


  Largest cytoskeleton fibers, made of tubulin protein, provide structural support and transportation
• Microfilaments


  Smallest cytoskeleton fibers, made of actin protein, involved in cell movement and elongation
• Intermediate filaments


  Cytoskeleton fibers in between microtubules and microfilaments, provide mechanical support
• Centrioles


  Active during cell division, form mitotic spindle to pull apart chromosomes
• Cilia and flagella


  Hair-like and whip-like structures made of microtubules, involved in cell movement
• Vacuole


  (Plant cell only) Large organelle that stores water and nutrients, provides structural support
• Chloroplast


  (Plant cell only) Contains chlorophyll, involved in photosynthesis
• Cell wall


  (Plant cell only) Provides structural support, unlike animal cells which only have a cell membrane
• Cell membrane


  Phospholipid bilayer with selective permeability, allows some things to enter while blocking others
• Vesicle


  A small, membrane-bound sac or pouch within the cell, used to store or transport small molecules or ions.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)


  Major component of the ribosome involved in protein synthesis
• Ribosomal Protein


  Structural components of the ribosome encoded by nuclear DNA
• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Similarities

  • Have both DNA
  • Have Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasm
  • Have Plasm Membrane
• What does Eukaryotes differ from Prokaryotes? examples: Nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria
• What does Prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes? Lack nucleus, lack organelles, single-celled, and single circular chromosome.
• During cell division spindle fibers is called Mitotic Spindle
• Cell Cycle (4 Phases)

  Interphases (3 Phases)

  1. G1 : Cell Growth
  2. S : DNA Replication
  3. G2 : More cell division preparation

  Cell Division (1 Phase)

  1. M : Mitosis; Cytokinesis
• Somatic Cell : Any cell except sex cells ; Egg cells and Sperm cells
• Prophase - Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fibers form, and nucleulus and nuclear membrane disappears.
• Metaphase - Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator (centre).
• Anaphase - The spindle fibers separates sister chromatin into two separate groups of chromosomes pulling them toward the poles.
• Telophase - The nucleus and nuclear membrane reform, and chromosome disperse chromatin.
• Plasm Membrane


  The thin layer of lipid and protein molecules that surrounds the cell, separating it from its environment.
• Plant Cell

  A) Ribosomes

  B) Nucleus

  C) Mitochondria

  D) Cell membrane

  E) Chloroplast

  F) Cytoskeleton

  G) Cytoplasm

  H) Cell Wall

  
• Human cell structure

  A) Mitochondria

  B) Centrioles

  C) Nucleulus

  D) Nucleus

  E) Ribosomes

  F) Vacuole

  G) Lysosomes

  H) Microtubule

  I) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

  J) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  K) Golgi Apparatus

  
• Animal Cell: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Cellular Organelles

  A) Nucleus

  B) rough endoplasmic reticulum

  C) Ribosomes

  D) Nucleulus

  E) Cytoplasm

  F) Cell Membrane

  G) Vacoule

  H) Lysosomes

  I) Nuclear membrane

  J) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum