HUBS M1 Bone & Biomechanics

• Homeostasis


  Underpins normal function of the systems of the human body, Maintain conditions in the internal environment, Relies on regulatory mechanisms to ensure controlled variables do not move too far from the set-point which is "normal"
• Feedback


  When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to "normal"
• Feedforward


  Usually when there is an anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, so you may do something to minimize the effect
• Anatomical position is upright, face forwards, feet together, palms face forwards, remains the same regardless of movement
• Anterior


  Towards the front of the body
• Posterior


  Towards the back of the body
• Medial


  Towards the midline of the body
• Lateral


  Away from the midline of the body
• Proximal


  Closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
• Distal


  Further from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
• Superficial


  Closer to the surface
• Deep


  Further from the surface
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into left and right pieces
• Coronal plane


  Divides the body into front and back sections
• Transverse plane


  Divides the body into top and bottom sections
• Flexion


  Decreases angle, fleshy parts of limb brought closer together
• Extension


  Increases angle
• Dorsiflexion


  Toes brought up towards face
• Plantarflexion


  Toes pointing towards ground
• Abduction


  Movement at joint moves limb away from midline
• Adduction


  Movement at joint moves limb towards midline
• Inversion


  Sole of foot faces towards midline
• Eversion


  Sole of foot turns away from midline
• Circumduction


  Combination of flexion/abduction/extension/adduction, no rotation
• Rotation


  Around the long axis of a joint
• Lateral (external) rotation


  Rotation away from the midline
• Medial (internal) rotation


  Rotation towards the midline
• Pronation


  Palm faces posterior
• Supination


  Palm faces anterior and forearm bones parallel
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Storage of Minerals
  • Red Blood Cell Formation
• Compact Bone


  Strong, good at transmitting force in one direction

  
• Cancellous (trabecular) bone


  Light, spongy bone, shock-absorbing, resists & channels forces that come from multiple directions

  
• Bone Classes


  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones

  
• Long Bones


  • Longer than they are wide, composed of wider epiphyses and a longer, narrower diaphysis, act as levers for movement, thicker compact bone in diaphysis

  
• Short Bones


  • Close to equal width and length, mostly cancellous bone, weight bearing (from multiple directions)

  
• Flat Bones


  • Function usually for muscle attachment, also protection, thin plates of compact bone (some cancellous too)

  
• Irregular Bones


  • Doesn't seem to fit into any other category, various shapes and functions, often have foramina (holes)

  
• Divisions of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton: Bones of the core (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx)
  • Appendicular skeleton: Bones of the limbs

  
• The Skull


  • Cranium (vault) encloses the brain and provides muscle attachments, facial bones protect & support sensory organs, join at sutures (immovable)

  
• The Vertebral column


  • Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum and coccyx