PSYCH ASOS 2

• Social Cognition


  How we interpret, analyse, remember, and use information to make judgements about others in different social situations
• Person Perception


  The mental process we use to form impression and draw conclusions about the personal characteristics of other people
• Physical appearance


  How you or another individual look like
• Body language


  A non-verbal communication. It is an expression of behaviour and allows us to make quick and accurate judgement about others
• Facial Expressions


  All individuals speak and understand the same facial language. It allows for us to perceive what an individual is feeling towards us or about a situation
• Eye contact


  A non-verbal communication. Too much eye contact = uncomfortable/unpleasant -> Threat, anger, hostility, unapproachable. Too Little eye contact = boredom, deceit, disinterest
• Salience Detection


  Something that stands out from it's environment, personal characteristics that are distinctive, prominent, conspicuous, noticeable and therefore attracts attention
• Personal space


  It is small invisible area that imminently surrounds someone in a social environment. It surrounds body and is seen as personal territory
• Halo Effect


  A cognitive bias in which an impression is formed about one quality of a person influences our belief and expectations about the person in other qualities
• Attitudes


  An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue
• Tri component model


  Affective component, behavioural, cognitive
• Affective


  Based on feelings that someone has for something
• Cognitive


  Our actions toward something
• Behavioural


  Our belief that we have for something
• Behaviour tends to be inconsistent with the beliefs
• Stereotypes


  A collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among member of that group
• Helpful aspects of stereotypes

  • Stereotypes allow us to understand the world around us. We meet too many people, some use stereotypes to help us determine how to behave around them - make decisions quicker
• Harmful aspects of stereotypes

  • Tend to be generalised and incorrect/inaccurate information. Unlikely to have the characteristics that stereotypes assume and individual differences are generally ignored
• Cognitive dissonance


  A person experiencing discomfort or built due to behaving differently to what they should behave
• Prejudice


  A negative attitude toward another person or social group
• Ways to reduce prejudice

  • Intergroup contact
  • Extended Contact
  • Superordinate Goal
  • Equality of status
  • Cognitive interventions
• Discrimination


  The positive or negative behaviour that are directed toward social groups and it's members
• Characteristics of prejudice


  • Superiority
  • Attitudes display insecurity
• Types of discrimination


  • Direct (discrimination)
  • Indirect (discrimination)
• Types of prejudice


  • Old fashioned prejudice
  • Modern prejudice
• Visual perception


  Rules that we apply to the visual information to assist our organisation and interpretations of the information in consistent and meaningful ways
• Sensation


  Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and sense organs detect and respond to sensory information that simulates them
• Perception


  Perception refers to the processes by which we give meaning to sensory information
• Depth perception


  The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions
• Depth cues


  • Monocular
  • Binocular
• Binocular Convergence


  Visual deception depth cues involving the inward turning of the eye to focus on near by objects. Brain detects depth by how much tension is in the eye muscles as they turn the eye inward
• Retinal disparity


  It is based on difference/disparity of the retinal images. The brain compares the images and the disparity form both retains and is then able to judge depth/distance
• Accommodation


  Automatic focusing of the eye in repose to changes in the distance view from and object. Brain perceives distance based on the culinary muscles (which control lense shape) contracting and expanding
• Linear Perspective


  The brain perceives the convergence of two parallel lines as the recede into the distance
• Interposition


  When two objects overlap one another, and the object obstructing a distant object is perceived to be closer to the viewer
• Texture gradient


  The gradual reduction of detail on a service as it recedes into the distance
• Relative size


  When the image on the retinas is larger it is perceived as close to the view, and when the image of an object is smaller, it is perceived to be further away
• Height in the visual field

  When an object is located closer to the horizon it is perceived to be further away, and when further from the horizon it is perceive to be closer to the individual
• Figure ground


  An object standing out from it's background usually due to a contour line
• Closure


  The psychological tendency to ignore, close-up, or fill in gaps of an image