Biology(upcat review)

• Light microscope


  Used to study stained or living cells, can magnify up to 1,000 times
• Electron microscope


  Used to study detailed structure of a cell, can magnify up to 250,000 times but can only observe killed cells
• Eukaryotic cell


  Has a nucleus and cytoplasm filled with organelles
• Prokaryotic cell


  Does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Plasma membrane


  • Complex double-layered structure made up of phospholipids and proteins, regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  Control center of the cell, contains DNA and directs cell activities
• Ribosomes


  Sites of protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)


  Continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm, rough ER has ribosomes and makes proteins, smooth ER makes lipids, hormones, and steroids
• Golgi bodies


  Process, modify, and sort proteins made on the rough ER, package final products in vesicles
• Mitochondria


  Powerhouses of the cell, convert energy from organic molecules into ATP
• Lysosomes


  Membrane-bound structures that carry digestive enzymes to break down old organelles, debris, or ingested particles
• Centrioles


  Small, paired, cylindrical structures that produce microtubules to pull apart replicated chromosomes during cell division
• Vacuoles


  Fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, waste, and other materials
• Peroxisomes


  Organelles that break down various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
• Cytoskeleton


  Network of fibers that hold the cell together and enable it to keep its shape, includes microtubules and microfilaments
• Plant cell


  • Has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
• What is the primary function of a cell?

  To carry out specific functions and maintain its own survival and the organism's overall health
• Cell


  Smallest unit of living material that can carry out all the activities necessary for life