inorganic facts

• sodium and magnesium oxides form an alkaline solution when they react with water because they contain O(2-) ions which react with the water to produce OH(-) ions

  the equation is O(2-) + H2O -> 2OH(-)
• each period has the same general pattern for ionisation energy, an increase of 2, then 3, then 3
• Mg(OH)2 is sparingly soluble

  Ba(OH)2 is the most soluble
• Mg(OH)2 is used in medicine as an antacid because it is alkaline so neutralises stomach acid
• Ca(OH)2 is used in agriculture to neutralise acidic soil because it is alkaline
• MgSO4 is the most soluble

  BaSO4 is the least soluble
• BaSO4 is used in medicine as barium meals to outline soft tissue in X-rays, it is toxic if it enters the bloodstream but because it is insoluble it cannot do so
• test for sulfates:

  • acidify with nitric or hydrochloric acid
  • add barium chloride
  • positive = white precipitate
• the equation for magnesium being used in the extraction of titanium is:

  TiCl4 + 2Mg -> 2MgCl2 + Ti
• the equation for flue gas desulfurisation is:

  CaO + 2H2O + SO2 -> CaSO3 + 2H2O

  or

  CaCO3 + 2H2O + SO2 -> CaSO3 + 2H2O + CO2
• of the halogens:

  fluorine is the most powerful oxidising agent

  iodine is the least powerful oxidising agent
• of the halide ions:

  fluoride is the least powerful reducing agent

  iodide is the most powerful reducing agent
• equation for sodium fluoride reacting with conc sulfuric acid:

  NaF + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HF
• equation for sodium chloride reacting with conc sulfuric acid:

  NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl
• equations for sodium bromide reacting with conc sulfuric acid:

  NaBr + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HBr

  2H+ + 2Br- + H2SO4 -> SO2 + 2H2O + Br2
• equation for sodium iodide reacting with conc sulfuric acid:

  NaI + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HI

  8H+ + 8I- + H2SO4 -> 4H2O + H2S + 4I2
• the test for halide ions is:

  • add dilute nitric acid HNO3 and silver nitrate AgNO3
  • results: Cl = white ppt, Br = cream ppt, I = yellow ppt
  • add dilute ammonia NH3
  • results: Cl ppt dissolves, Br and I ppts do not dissolve
  • add concentrated ammonia NH3
  • results: Cl and Br ppts dissolve, I ppt does not dissolve
• the equations for chlorine reacting with cold water are:

  Cl2 + H2O <-> HClO + HCl

  Cl2 + H2O <-> ClO(-) + Cl(-) + 2H(+)
• the equation for chlorine reacting with water in the presence of sunlight/UV light is:

  2Cl2 + 2H2O -> 4HCl + O2
• the equation for sodium chlorate reacting with water is:

  NaClO + H2O -> Na(+) + OH(-) + HClO
• the equation for chlorine reacting with sodium hydroxide is:

  Cl2 + 2NaOH -> NaClO + NaCl + H2O
• equation for Na reacting with water:

  2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2
• equation for Mg reacting with water:

  Mg + 2H2O -> Mg(OH)2 + H2
• equation for Mg reacting with steam:

  Mg + H2O -> MgO + H2
• equation for production of sodium oxide:

  2Na + 1/2(O2) -> Na2O
• equation for production of magnesium oxide:

  2Mg + O2 -> 2MgO
• equation for production of aluminium oxide:

  4Al + 3O2 -> 2Al2O3
• equation for production of silicon dioxide:

  Si + O2 -> SiO2
• equation for production of phosphorus pentoxide:

  4P + 5O2 -> P4O10
• equation for production of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide:

  S + O2 -> SO2 + small amount of SO3
• the order of melting points of period 3 oxides is:

  MgO > Al2O3 > SiO2 > Na2O > P4O10 > SO3 > SO2
• equation for magnesium oxide reacting with water:

  MgO + H2O -> Mg(OH)2
• equation for sodium oxide reacting with water:

  Na2O + H2O -> 2NaOH
• equation for phosphorus pentoxide reacting with water:

  P4O10 + 6H2O -> 4H3PO4
• equation for sulfur dioxide reacting with water:

  SO2 + H2O -> H2SO3
• equation for sulfur trioxide reacting with water:

  SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4
• when period 3 elements react with oxygen, you would observe:

  • Na = yellow-orange flame, white solid
  • Mg = white flame, white solid
  • Al = white flame, white powder
  • Si = white flame, white powder
  • P = white flame, white fumes
  • S = blue flame, fumes
• examples of monodentate ligands are H2O, NH3 and Cl-
• examples of bidentate ligands are H2NCH2CH2NH2 and C2O4(2-)
• examples of multidentate ligands are EDTA(4-)