Science

• Materials

  • Plastics
  • Wood
  • Rubber
  • Metals
  • Fabric
  • Ceramics
• Strength

  • Strong or weak
• Flexibility

  • Flexible or not flexible/stiff
• Waterproof

  • Waterproof and not waterproof/can absorb water or cannot absorb water
• Degree of transparency to light


  • Allows most light, some light or no light to pass through
• Texture

  • Rough or smooth
• Breakable

  • Breakable or not breakable
• Magnetic

  • Magnetic or non-magnetic
• Electrical conductivity


  • Electrical conductor or electrical insulator
• Heat conductivity


  • Good conductor of heat and poor conductor of heat
• Elasticity

  • Can be stretched or compressed and can return to its original shape or length when the force is removed
• Different organisms have different life cycles
• Some life cycles take a longer period of time than others to complete one cycle
• Different amounts of time are taken for an organism to move from one stage to another
• Life cycle of a flowering plant

  Seed to seedling to adult plant (which means the plant has flowers and fruits)
• Life cycles of different animals


  • Egg to young to adult (e.g mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, frog)
  • Egg to nymph to adult (e.g grasshopper, cockroach)
  • Egg to larva to pupa to adult (e.g. butterfly, moth, beetle, mosquito)
• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• States of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Mass


  The amount of matter or substance something has. Mass can be measured using a beam balance.
• Mass is not weight. Mass is not a force but weight is a force. Weight is the amount of gravitational force acting on an object.
• Volume


  The space occupied by an object. Volume can be measured by using a measuring cylinder or displacement can and finding the volume of water displaced when the object is placed in water. It can also be measured by calculating the volume of the object using formula if the object has a regular shape.
• Solids

  • Have definite shape and definite volume
• Liquids

  • Have no definite shape but have definite volume
• Gases

  • Have no definite shape and no definite volume
• Changes of state


  1. Gaining heat: Solid to liquid (melting), Liquid to gas (boiling, evaporation)

  2. Losing heat: Gas to liquid (condensation), Liquid to solid (freezing)
• Family members share similarities in their characteristics or traits
• Genes


  Determine the characteristics or traits that are passed on from parents to their young
• Male parts of a flower

  • Anther, filament
• Female parts of a flower

  • Stigma, style, ovary, ovule
• Pollen grain


  Contains the male reproductive cell
• Ovule


  Contains the female reproductive cell or the egg cell
• Pollination


  Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of flowers of the same kind
• Characteristics of insect pollinated flowers

  • Bright, attractive, have nectar, sticky stigma, flower parts hidden, pollen grains heavy and rough
• Characteristics of wind pollinated flowers

  • Not bright, no need nectar, feathery stigma, flower parts hanging out of the flower, pollen grains light and smaller
• Fertilisation


  Fusion of the male reproductive cell in the pollen grain and the female reproductive cell in the ovules
• Seed dispersal


  Fruit and seeds get dispersed by water, wind, animals and splitting of fruit/explosive action
• Characteristics of fruits dispersed by different methods

  • Wind: Small, light, have wing-like structures or fine hairs or light, feathery structures
  • Water: Waterproof, have fibrous husk and have protective covering
  • Animals: Juicy and fleshy, have hooks, bristles or stiff, sticky hairs
  • Splitting/explosive action: Dry up unevenly and split open
• Germination


  Water enters the seed, the seed coat breaks, the root grows out first, then the shoot grows out
• Non-flowering plants like ferns reproduce from spores
• Male and female reproductive organs and cells in humans

  • Male: Testes/testis/testicles, penis, sperms
  • Female: Ovary, womb/uterus, vagina, eggs