Bio Chapter 2 F4

• Muscle tissue


  • 3 types: smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle


  Found in digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary tract, reproductive tract
• Skeletal muscle


  Found in legs and hands
• Cardiac muscle


  Found in heart wall
• Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle

  Enables voluntary activities such as peristalsis along the digestive tract
• Skeletal muscle


  Involved in controlled movement, contract and relax to create movement in bones and joints
• Cardiac muscle


  Builds walls of the heart, contract to pump blood to the whole body, contraction is involuntary
• Nerve tissue


  • Made of neurons or nerve cells, each neuron consists of a cell body and nerve fibres called dendrite and axon
• What is the function of nerve tissue?


  Can detect stimuli and send information in the form of electrical signals (nerve impulses) to muscles or glands, regulates and controls body activity
• MUSCLE CELL


  • Arranged as multinuclear striated fibres
  • Contract and relax to generate movement
• NERVE CELL


  • Long and thin in shape
  • Functions in sending nerve impulses
• SIEVE TUBE ELEMENT


  • Long cylindrical tubes arranged from end to end
  • Transports organic materials from leaves to storage organs such as fruits
• XYLEM VESSEL


  • Long, continuous hollow tube
  • Functions in transporting water and mineral sans from the roots to the other parts of the plant
• PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELL


  • Consists of long cylindrical cells, arranged vertically and close to each other
  • Contains high chlorophyll deresity
  • This arrangement allows maximum absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis
• WHITE BLOOD CELL


  • Can change shape
  • Functions in destroying pathogens
• EPITHELIAL CELL


  • Thin and flat cells
  • Coats the surface of organs such as the digestive tract
• RED BLOOD CELL


  • Does not contain a nucleus
  • Shaped as a biconcave disc
  • Functions to optimise transportation of oxygen
• SPERM CELL


  • Has a long tail to enable it to swim towards the ovum in the Fallopian tube
  • The head carries a set of chromosomes from the male
• GUARD CELL


  • Modified lower epidermal cells with the thicker cell wall on the inner side
  • Controls the opening and closing of the stoma. Stoma is the opening that allows the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• ROOT HAIR CELL


  • Has a long projection which adds surface area for the absorption of water and mineral salts
• SPONGY MESOPHYLL CELL


  • Cells are loosely arranged with lots of air space in between
  • Large air space allows exchange of gas from the inside of the leaves to the palisade mesophyll cells
• What are multicellular organisms composed of?

  Different types of cells with specific functions
• How are cells arranged to form a complex organism?

  Cells are arranged into tissues that carry out specific functions
• What are the four types of tissues in organisms?

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nerve tissue
  • Connective tissue
• What is the function of epithelial tissue?


  Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and protects against infections and injuries
• Where is epithelial tissue found in the body?

  On the skin and hollow surfaces like the digestive and respiratory tracts
• How is epithelial tissue adapted based on its function?

  Its structure varies to suit different protective roles
• What are the projections found on epithelial tissue in the trachea called?


  Cilia
• What are the three types of muscle tissue and where are they found?

  • Smooth muscle: digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary tract, reproductive tract
  • Skeletal muscle: legs and hands
  • Cardiac muscle: heart wall
• What is the contraction pattern of smooth muscle?

  It involves peristalsis and dilation of organs
• What is the main function of skeletal muscle?


  To generate movement of bones and limbs
• How does cardiac muscle function?

  Cardiac muscle contraction is involuntary
• What is nerve tissue made of?

  Nerve cells or neurons
• What is the function of nerve tissue?

  To detect stimuli and send information as electrical signals
• What are the types of connective tissue and their functions?

  • Loose connective tissue: links epithelia to soft tissue
  • Fibrous connective tissue: forms tendons and ligaments
  • Adipose tissue: stores fat
  • Blood tissue: regulates and transports materials
  • Bone: forms body frame and protects organs
  • Cartilage: prevents bone wear
• What is the function of parenchyma tissue in plants?


  Starch, food, and water storage, and involved in photosynthesis
• What is the role of collenchyma tissue in plants?


  To provide support to young, non-woody stems
• What is the function of sclerenchyma tissue?


  To provide support and mechanical strength to mature plant parts
• What is the function of xylem tissue?


  To transport water and inorganic salts from roots to other parts of the plant
• What is the role of phloem tissue?


  To transport organic materials from leaves to roots