ATMOSPHERE & HYDROSPHERE

• Atmosphere


  Gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth
• Air


  Mixture of gases that compose the atmosphere
• Early atmosphere


  • Composed of methane, ammonia, water vapor and neon
  • 10x to 200x more carbon dioxide
  • Unicellular organisms helped provide oxygen
• Permanent gases in the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon
• Some gases' concentration changes, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone
• Air also contains water vapor (humidity) and solid particles (aerosols)
• Water vapor and aerosols are responsible for most atmospheric phenomena
• Distribution of air


  • Majority of air is concentrated near the surface
  • As altitude increases, the air becomes less dense
• Layers of the atmosphere

  • Majority of air is concentrated near the surface
  • As altitude increases, the air becomes less dense
• Atmosphere's role


  • Generates necessary pressure for liquid water to exist
  • Absorbs significant amount of UV radiation
  • Averages temperature differences between day and night
• Seasons exist because of variations in the length of daylight, angle of the sun's rays, and the atmosphere's thickness being traversed by the sun's rays
• The greenhouse effect maintains a suitable temperature for life on Earth
• Biosphere


  Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere
• Hydrosphere


  Interacts with the atmosphere through weather, climate, and energy (wind, rain)
• Geosphere


  Interacts with the atmosphere through the rock cycle
• Baguio City has a dry season from November to April and a wet season from May to October, with an annual precipitation of about 4,000 mm
• The carbon cycle is nature's way of recycling carbon atoms, which are the chemical backbone of life
• Hydrosphere


  Includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air
• Origin of the hydrosphere

  • Formed around the same time as the atmosphere
  • Water came from meteorites or comets
  • Chemical reactions in the Earth's interior
  • Early hydrosphere formed from volcanic activity
  • As the Earth cooled, water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain
  • Minerals in the crust that held water
• 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in water, with the oceans holding about 96.5% of all Earth's water
• Baguio City gets 85% of its water from groundwater and the rest from watersheds
• Properties of rainwater


  • Rainwater is not pure, containing dissolved gases and salts, particulate matter, and bacteria
  • From oceans, soils, fertilizers, air pollutants
  • Atmosphere-precipitation-evaporation-atmosphere turnover is 9.6 days
• Properties of groundwater


  • Water that exists underground, filling pores and fractures in sand, gravel, and other rock
  • Aquifer - the rock where groundwater flows or is pumped out
  • Moves slowly (7-60 centimeters per day)
• Properties of river and ocean water

  • Salinity - dissolved salt content
  • Sea water contains about 3.5% dissolved salts
  • River water contains only 0.012% dissolved salts
  • 6 abundant ions in seawater: chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
• Properties of ocean water

  • Surface-water temperatures vary from -2 to 36 degrees Celsius
  • Temperature decreases and salinity increases with depth
  • Density is affected by temperature, salinity, and pressure
• Water-rock interactions


  Water weathers rocks, and the composition of river water and lakes depends on the surrounding rocks
• Mine tailings from the physical and chemical separation of metal from ore have an effect on health, agriculture, and the environment
• Building dams can affect migration, alter habitat, and affect water quality
• Unicellular organisms helped provide oxygen in the atmosphere
• Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon


  What are the permanent gases in the atmosphere
• Humidity


  This varies according to temperature and geographical

  characteristics of the area.
• Aerosols


  air also contains solid particles, Salt, Sand, Smoke, Ash
• As altitude increases, the air

  becomes less dense
• Majority of air is

  concentrated near the

  surface.
• THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT


  Maintains a suitable temperature for life.
• Carbon Cycle


  Nature’s way of recycling

  carbon atoms.
• Carbon Cycle


  Chemical backbone of

  Life.
• Early hydrosphere formed from volcanic activity
• Rainwater


  not pure.
• 9.6 days


  atmosphere-precipitation-evaporation-atmosp

  here turn over