NEW CARDS

• Effects of Ageing: With age, lung function declines due to reduced elasticity of lung tissues, weakened respiratory muscles, and changes in chest wall structure, leading to decreased lung capacity and efficiency in gas exchange.
• Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder affecting the CFTR gene, leading to thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive system, causing respiratory and digestive issues.
• Hypoxia: Low oxygen levels in tissues
• Hypercapnia: Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood
• Inflammatory Mediators: Substances released during tissue damage that cause inflammation and pain, such as prostaglandins, bradykinin, and histamine
• Anatomical Pathways: Pathways that transmit pain signals from the periphery to the brain, including the spinothalamic tract.
• Central and Peripheral Sensitization: Increased sensitivity to pain; central involves the brain and spinal cord, while peripheral involves the nerves at the injury site.
• Physiology: The body's response to pain, including nociceptor activation and pain signal transmission
• Psychological Aspects: How emotions and mental states affect the perception of pain.
• • Nociceptors: Pain receptors in the skin and other tissues.
• • Allodynia: Pain from stimuli that don't usually provoke pain.
• Genetic Code: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.
• Role of Genomics in Healthcare: Using genetic information to tailor medical treatments and preventive measures
• Genetic Variants: Differences in DNA sequence among individuals that may affect health and disease.
• Epigenetic Tagging: Chemical modifications to DNA or histones that affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.
• • SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism): A variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome.
• • Methylation: An epigenetic mechanism involving the addition of a methyl group to DNA, often silencing gene expression.
• Atherosclerosis: Buildup of plaques in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and risk of heart attack and stroke.
• Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, causing brain damage.
• • Ischemia: Reduced blood supply to tissues.
• • Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel.
• Blood Brain Barrier: A selective barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.
• Meninges: Three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
• Cushing’s Triad: A set of three clinical signs indicating increased intracranial pressure: hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respiration.
• Alzheimer’s Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss.
• Ageing of the Brain: Structural and functional changes in the brain with age, including neuron loss and decreased cognitive function.
• • Neurodegeneration: Progressive loss of structure or function of neurons.
• • Amyloid Plaques: Protein aggregates found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
• Routes of Administration: Ways drugs are introduced into the body, such as oral, intravenous, and intramuscular.
• Receptor Drug Interaction: How drugs bind to cellular receptors to produce effects.
• Drug Distribution: The dispersion of drugs throughout the body.Drug Absorption: The process of a drug entering the bloodstream.Drug Metabolism: The biochemical modification of drugs, usually in the liver.
• Metabolite Excretion: The elimination of drug metabolites from the body, primarily through the kidneys.
• Pro-Drug Theory: A strategy where an inactive drug is metabolized into an active form in the body.
• • Bioavailability: The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation and is able to have an active effect.
• • Half-life: The time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half.
• Mechanisms of Actions and Non-specific Effects: How drugs exert their effects at the molecular level and their unintended impacts on other systems.
• Side Effects: Unintended and often adverse effects of a drug.
• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories (NSAIDs): Drugs that reduce inflammation, pain, and fever, such as ibuprofen.
• Opioid Drugs: Medications that relieve pain by binding to opioid receptors in the nervous system.
• • Efficacy: The ability of a drug to produce the desired therapeutic effect.